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The aim of the study was to analyze the performance of Black-Litterman (BL) portfolios using a views estimation procedure that simulates investor forecasts based on technical analysis.

Ibovespa, S&P500, Bitcoin and interbank deposit rate (IDR) indexes were respectively considered proxies for the national, international, cryptocurrency and fixed income stock markets. Forecasts were made out of the sample aiming at incorporating them in the BL model, using several portfolio weighting methods from June 13, 2013 to August 30, 2022.

The Sharpe, Treynor and Omega ratios point out that the proposed model, considering only variable return assets, generates portfolios with performances superior to their traditionally calculated counterparts, with emphasis on the risk parity portfolio. Nonetheless, the inclusion of the IDR leads to performance losses, especially in scenarios with lower risk tolerance. And finally, given the impact of turnover, the naive portfolio was also detected as a viable alternative.

The results obtained can contribute to improve investors practices, specifically by validating both the performance improvement – when including foreign assets and cryptocurrencies –, and the application of the BL model for asset pricing.

The main contributions of the study are: performance analysis incorporating cryptocurrencies and international assets in an uncertain recent period; the use of a methodology to compute the views simulating the behavior of managers using technical analysis; and comparing the performance of portfolio management strategies based on the BL model, taking into account different levels of risk and uncertainty.

This chapter discusses social responsibility taking into account the role of women as statutory auditors. Indeed, auditors are expected to confirm whether the financial statements are true and fair and, in accordance with the law, adopt a responsible attitude to the society. Methodologically, this research relied on a two-track approach. The first takes the form of an editorial review and argument which allows the authors to explore social responsibility literature along with implications for the role of women as statutory auditors. The second takes the form of a field research based on an exploratory longitudinal analysis, over the period 1973–2013, and support of the legal regime of Portugal, with public available sources of statistics and reports relating to the statutory auditors. The authors provided a glimpse of the role of women in this profession and, in the last years, the results show a weak increase of women on the statutory audit exercise.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate investor behaviour related to the timing of selling financial assets based on an intuitive evaluation of the current market trend and growth expectation.

The experiment involved 1,052 volunteer participants who made decisions about stock sales in an environment that simulated a home broker platform to negotiate stocks. Zero-inflated regression models were used.

The results show that investors’ attitudes, or beliefs, determine whether they will buy or keep risky assets in their investment portfolios; they may decide to sell such assets, even though market shows an upward trend. Such results make a new contribution to behavioural finance within the context of prospect theory and the disposition effect.

The originality of this paper lies in the use of new and innovative techniques (zero-inflated Poisson and negative binomial regression models) applied to real data obtained experimentally.

Este artigo estuda o comportamento de investidores relacionado ao momento da venda de ativos financeiros com base em uma avaliação intuitiva da tendência atual do mercado e da expectativa de crescimento.

Nosso experimento envolveu 1,052 participantes voluntários que tomaram decisões sobre a venda de ações em um ambiente que simulava uma plataforma de corretagem para negociação. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão inflacionados de zeros.

Os resultados mostram que as atitudes ou crenças dos investidores determinam se eles comprarão ou manterão ativos de risco em suas carteiras de investimento; eles podem decidir vender esses ativos, mesmo que o mercado mostre uma tendência ascendente. Tais resultados constituem uma nova contribuição para o campo das finanças comportamentais, dentro do contexto da teoria do prospecto e do efeito disposição.

A originalidade deste artigo reside no uso de técnicas novas e inovadoras (modelos de regressão Poisson e binomial negativo inflacionados de zeros) aplicadas a dados reais obtidos experimentalmente.

The purpose of this paper is to enrich the finding by Aguinis et al. (2018) that there is little overlap between the extremes of firm performance and the extremes of CEO pay using a novel approach to characterize the distribution of pay and performance. The authors aim to shift the focus of compensation researchers from fruitlessly trying to link pay to performance to theory-rich accounts of pay that take into consideration the idiosyncratically motivated and socially embedded nature of CEO compensation.

The authors’ approach in this commentary is conceptual. They synthesize compensation literature from different fields such as economics, finance, sociology, strategic management and corporate law, as well as the empirical findings from the focal paper to support their characterization of the current state of the literature and future directions it should take.

The authors synthesize discussion of CEO pay down to three dimensions of CEO responsibilities and motivations. They argue that a realistic pay design should take into account that CEOs have limited control over performance, they are accountable to multiple stakeholders and they are motivated by financial as well as nonfinancial incentives.

The commentary presents researchers with high-order framing of CEO pay that goes beyond debating over methodology or narrowly focusing on limited behavioral drivers of pay setting. Instead, the authors encourage researchers to take advantage of their three-legged framework to theorize about CEO pay.

El objetivo de este comentario es enriquecer el hallazgo de Aguinis y otros (2018) de que existe poco solapamiento entre los extremos del resultado organizativo y los extremos de la retribución del CEO utilizando una aproximación novedosa para caracterizar ambas distribuciones. Queremos cambiar el foco de los investigadores de tratar inútilmente de vincular retribución y resultados hacia explicaciones basadas en teoría que tomen en consideración la naturaleza idiosincrática y socialmente embebida de la retribución del CEO.

Nuestra aproximación es conceptual. Sintetizamos la literatura sobre retribución de diferentes campos como la economía, las finanzas, la sociología, la gestión estratégica o la legal, así como los resultados empíricos del artículo central de este número para sostener nuestra caracterización del estado del arte de la literatura y las direcciones que debería tomar en el futuro.

Sintetizamos la discusión sobre la retribución del CEO en tres dimensiones de responsabilidad del CEO y motivaciones. Argumentamos que un diseño realista de la retribución deben tener en cuenta que los CEO tienen un control limitado sobre los resultados, son responsables antes varios grupos de interés (stakeholders), y están motivados por incentivos financieros y no financieros.

Nuestro comentario va más allá del debate sobre la metodología, o de un enfoque estrecho sobre los determinantes conductuales de la fijación de la retribución. Por el contrario, animamos a los investigadores a utilizar nuestro marco de tres pilares para teorizar sobre la retribución del CEO.

O objetivo deste comentário é ampliar os achados de Aguinis et al. (2018) de que há pouca correlação entre os extremos da performance da empresa e da remuneração do CEO, usando uma abordagem inovadora para caracterizar a distribuição do pagamento e performance. Nosso objetivo é mudar o foco dos pesquisadores em remuneração, de indevidamente vincularem remuneração à performance, para teorias bem desenvolvidas sobre remuneração que considerem a natureza da remuneração do CEO como motivada de maneira idiossincrática e dependente do seu contexto social.

Nossa abordagem nesse comentário é conceitual. Nós sintetizamos a literatura sobre remuneração de diferentes áreas, como economia, finanças, sociologia, gestão estratégica e direito corporativo, bem como os achados empíricos do artigo central desse comentário, para dar suporte à nossa caracterização do estado da arte e das direções futuras que a literatura deveria tomar.

Nós sintetizamos a discussão sobre a remuneração do CEO em três dimensões de responsabilidades e motivações do CEO. Nós argumentamos que um plano de pagamento realista deve levar em conta que os CEOs têm controle limitado sobre os resultados, eles são responsáveis perante os stakeholders, e eles são motivados por incentivos financeiros e não financeiros.

O nosso comentário apresenta aos pesquisadores uma estrutura conceitual para remuneração de CEOs que vai além do debate sobre a metodologia, ou do foco limitado nos determinantes comportamentais da configuração da remuneração. Ao invés disso, incentivamos os pesquisadores a utilizar nossa estrutura de três pilares para teorizar sobre o pagamento do CEO.

Managing the risks associated to world food production is an important challenge for governments. A range of factors, among them extreme weather events, has threatened food production in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of extreme rainfall events on the food industry in Brazil, a prominent player in this industry.

The authors use the AR-GARCH-GPD hybrid methodology to identify whether extreme rainfall affects the stock price of food companies. To do so, the authors collected the daily closing price of the 16 food industry companies listed on the Brazilian stock exchange (B3), in January 2015.

The results indicate that these events have a significant impact on stock returns: on more than half of the days immediately following the heavy rain that fell between 28 February 2005 and 30 December 2014, returns were significantly low, leading to average daily losses of 1.97 per cent. These results point to the relevance of the need for instruments to hedge against weather risk, particularly in the food industry.

Given that extreme weather events have been occurring more and more frequently, financial literature has documented attempts at assessing the economic impacts of weather changes. There is little research, however, into assessing the impacts of these events at corporate level.

O gerenciamento de riscos associados à produção mundial de alimentos é um desafio importante para governantes. Diversos fatores, entre eles os eventos climáticos extremos, têm ameaçado a produção de alimentos nos últimos anos. Neste artigo nós analisamos o impacto de eventos de chuvas extremas na indústria de alimentos no Brasil, um dos maiores produtores mundiais.

Empregamos a metodologia híbrida AR-GARCH-GPD para verificar se chuvas extremas afetam o preço das ações das empresas de alimentos. Para isso, coletamos os preços de fechamento diário de 16 empresas do setor de alimentos listadas na Bolsa de Valores do Brasil [B]³, em janeiro de 2015.

Os resultados sugerem que esses eventos exercem impacto significante sobre o retorno das ações: em mais da metade dos dias imediatamente posteriores à chuva extrema ocorrida entre 28/02/2005 e 30/12/2014, os retornos foram significantemente baixos, levando a perdas médias diárias próximas de 1,97%. Esses resultados apontam para a relevância da necessidade de instrumentos para proteção contra riscos climáticos, particularmente na indústria de alimentos.

Tendo em vista que eventos climáticos extremos têm ocorrido com uma frequência cada vez maior, a literatura de finanças tem documentado tentativas de avaliar os impactos econômicos das mudanças climáticas. No entanto, nota-se a carência de pesquisas para avaliar os impactos desses eventos no nível das empresas.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate sustainability have gained prominence in the major capital markets. In Brazil, the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BM&FBovespa) has created the Corporate Sustainability Index (ISE) and the Carbon Efficient Index (ICO2), responsible for indicating the performance of sustainable companies. Therefore, this study proposes to examine and compare the stock returns of the sustainability index member companies with the returns of companies out of these indexes. In this methodology we selected the two principal negotiability indexes of that market (IBOV and IBrX50), which are indexes that meet the most traded stocks of BM&FBovespa, and calculated the average daily returns of the four indexes in order to make performance comparisons over the period 2005–2014, based on nonparametric statistical tests. Our findings indicate that the average returns of sustainability indexes were higher, but these differences were not statistically significant, confirming previous evidence. Additionally, by means of a cointegration test, we found that the indexes are cointegrated in the long term. These findings are limited to the analyzed emerging market and are also subject to the limitations of the estimated models. Thus, we can infer that presence in the sustainability indexes does not indicate statistically significant higher returns, which means that companies with sustainable practices in Brazil are not only concerned with economic performance, but also with social, cultural, and environmental issues. The main findings are aligned with the concept of triple bottom line, even in the case of an emerging market.

The paper aims to investigate the relationship between institutions and economic growth in developing countries, considering the role of financial inclusion, education spending and military spending.

The study employs dynamic panel analysis, specifically two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM), on a sample of 61 developing countries over the period 2009–2020.

The results confirm that weak institutional quality, weak financial inclusion and increased military spending are barriers to economic growth, conversely, increased spending on education and gross capital formation contribute to economic growth in developing countries. Regarding the specific institutional factor, we find that corruption, ineffective government, voice and accountability and weak rule of law contribute negatively to growth.

The study calls for strengthening institutions so that the financial system supports economic growth and suggests increasing spending on education to improve access to and the quality of human capital, which is an important determinant of economic growth.

The study contributes to scarce literature by empirically analyzing the relationship between institutions and economic growth by considering the role of financial inclusion, public spending on education and military spending, factors that have been ignored in previous studies. In addition, the study identifies the institutional dimension that contributes to reduced economic growth in developing countries.

This chapter explores the origins, development, and organization of the main Portuguese capitalist groups throughout the fascist dictatorship, the Carnation Revolution, and the neoliberal European integration until the onset of the financial crisis of 2008. The Portuguese experience confirms that, far from the usual neoliberal view that presents the process of accumulation and concentration of capital as the result of fair market mechanisms, large capitalist groups emerge as a combination of three factors: privileged access to finance, State protection, and family inheritance. Furthermore, it is argued that, if capital is considered as embodiment of power relations and not as factor of production, the link between concentration/accumulation of capital and economic growth is appropriately lost. Concentration strategies can have a detrimental effect on the economy. In Portugal, the dominance of these large economic groups contributed to the development of a rentist economic structure that was contrary to the goals of productive and economic development.

This study identified how investor sentiment on Twitter is associated with Brazilian stock market return and trading volume.

The study analyzes 314,864 tweets between January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2018, collected with the Tweepy library. The companies’ financial data were obtained from Refinitiv Eikon. Using the netnographic method, a Twitter Investor Sentiment Index (ISI) was constructed based on terms associated with the stocks. This Twitter sentiment was attributed through machine learning using the Google Cloud Natural Language API. The associations between Twitter sentiment and market performance were performed using quantile regressions and vector auto-regression (VAR) models, because the variables of interest are heterogeneous and non-normal, even as relationships can be dynamic.

In the contemporary period, the ISI is positively correlated with stock market returns, but negatively correlated with trading volume. The autoregressive analysis did not confirm the expectation of a dynamic relationship between sentiment and market variables. The quantile analysis showed that the ISI explains the stock market return, however, only at times of lower returns. It is possible to state that this effect is due to the informational content of the tweets (sentiment), and not to the volume of tweets.

The study presents unprecedented evidence for the Brazilian market that investor sentiment can be identified on Twitter, and that this sentiment can be useful for the formation of an investment strategy, especially in times of lower returns. These findings are original and relevant to market agents, such as investors, managers and regulators, as they can be used to obtain abnormal returns.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether analysts’ personal cognitive traits mitigate the efficacy of graphical impression management.

Three experiments are conducted wherein 525 professional accountants working as financial analysts rate a hypothetical company’s performance graph depicting its net income trend. The manipulation is the presence (absence) of impression management techniques. Hypotheses test whether different techniques are effective and whether analysts’ cognitive reflection ability mitigates manipulation efficacy.

Presentation enhancement is effective only with impulsive analysts, showing the weakness of this technique through the use of colors. Measurement distortion and selectivity techniques are effective for reflective and impulsive analysts; however, reflective analysts are more critical about graphs prepared via selectivity that emphasize profit recovery following crises.

Each impression management technique is investigated in isolation and in controlled conditions. Further research could consider how personal cognitive traits impact the efficacy of combined techniques and whether imbedding manipulated graphs with other information mitigates impression management efficacy.

Research on impression management is mostly “task-oriented;” few “people-oriented” studies focus on decision making by those using financial reports. Users’ cognitive reflection ability is shown to undermine the efficacy of some impression management techniques.

Financial analysts, auditors and regulators could develop mechanisms to avoid pervasive usage of (or enhance skepticism regarding) techniques not mitigated by users’ reflectiveness.

Evidence from financial analysts with an accounting background provides insights on individual characteristics’ influence on graphical impression management efficacy.