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This chapter explores some examples of good and not-so-good practices implemented worldwide, especially in Southern Europe, in Creative Tourism activities developed by entrepreneurs. The case studies used in the present chapter are located either in urban territories, small cities or rural areas. The global market introduces some difficulties in achieving good practices, highlighting the need to improve solid partnerships. The support from private and public sectors to institutions and enterprises developing creative tourism activities is analysed. Administrative and economic difficulties are also considered, and some proposals for the future survival of institutions and enterprises. In a global market, the definition of clusters is playing an increasing role in the survival of local and regional economies. In the tourism market, where seasonality is also a significant problem with difficult resolution, creating clusters can also be a great tool to contradict this. However, the success of implementing clusters in the tourism market depends on strong leadership and in-depth monitoring of results planned to be achieved. The present chapter considers clustering in Creative Tourism and the difficulties of implementing it in South Europe. Cultural and organisational issues are highlighted, as well as the need to construct thematic clusters that feature the needs of tourists.

This paper aims to analyze the effects of inter-organizational relationships with core and peripheral partners on innovation in heritage tourism clusters.

The empirical analysis uses original data (collected by means of a postal questionnaire) based at UNESCO World Heritage Cities in Spain. The sample consists of 215 companies, and the methodology used is hierarchical linear regression.

The authors identify divergent effects of relationships with core and peripheral partners on innovation. In particular, the effect of core partners has an inverted U-shaped form, while that of peripheral partners is U-shaped.

The results may be extrapolated to other heritage tourism clusters located in World Heritage Cities with some precaution. The paper does not jointly analyze the effects of relationships with core and peripheral partners on the innovation of firms in tourism clusters.

Clustered tourism firms should not rely only on relationships with core agents, because beyond a critical threshold, returns in terms of innovation diminish. Firms should strive to establish relationships with peripheral agents in spite of the initial difficulties and the costs associated with network building, because positive returns soon materialize.

This paper contributes to the literature on inter-organizational relationships by analyzing the impact of relationships with core and peripheral partners on innovation in clustered firms. The authors highlight the existence of the divergent curvilinear effects of these relationships on heritage tourism clusters.

This study aims to identify stakeholders and dimensions of the gastro-tourism cluster in Cyprus in order to facilitate the creation of a network of unique culinary experiences for tourists.

The qualitative research approach was undertaken through interaction with academics, researchers, and public and private sector stakeholders during the Gastro-Tourism Conference, which was organized by the University of Nicosia, Cyprus, in May 2022. The study draws on data from non-structured interviews conducted with tourism industry professionals and stakeholders.

Four stakeholders of the gastro-tourism cluster were identified: enterprises from the gastro sector, supportive enterprises and industries, public institutions, and other institutions. Geographic proximity and knowledge sharing are the main dimensions affecting the gastro-tourism cluster in Cyprus.

The authors identified stakeholders in and dimensions of the gastro-tourism cluster in Cyprus, each of which plays a significant role in creating culinary experiences for visitors and ensuring more sustainable and less seasonal development of the island as a destination.

This study aims to identify the structural relationship among social capital, knowledge sharing, innovation and performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in a tourism cluster.

A total of 199 valid questionnaires are collected from SMEs in the Bomun tourism cluster in South Korea. A structural equation modeling approach is used to test the research hypotheses.

The findings suggest that social capital constructs, including network density of structural capital, relational capital and cognitive capital, all positively influence knowledge sharing among SMEs in the cluster. This implies that creating social capital is critical to enhancing the competitiveness of SMEs. This study confirms that knowledge sharing positively affects SME performance through innovation.

This study suggests that social capital, consisting of structural, cognitive and relational capital, facilitates increased knowledge sharing and innovation in a tourism cluster, which in turn enhances SME business performance.

This study suggests that tourism cluster policies should focus on how to create a friendly operational climate to build social capital and support SME innovation.

This study contributes to the literature on social capital and innovation as well as the discourse on tourism clusters by addressing knowledge sharing among SMEs in a tourism cluster. It also expands the knowledge sharing and innovation literature by focusing on inter-organizational social networking among SMEs.

This paper aims to review tourism cluster initiatives in Russia, particularly, tourism cluster formation processes, and investigate the role of local and federal government in promoting domestic tourism destinations with the help of tourism clusters.

This paper is formulated using a case study approach based on the lessons learned and the common practices in the Vologda region of the Russian Federation. Some results and key findings from field research were also used in the paper, as well as analysis of local and federal government activities, in attempting to promote domestic tourism in Russia.

Based on the analyses of the case study and review of common practices of tourism cluster creation and management, the paper draws on a review of the Vologda tourism cluster and profiles its main characteristic features: The context of “cluster” in Russian economy; Vologda tourism cluster was created by state initiative; Vologda tourism cluster indeed has its unique set of local (natural) competitive advantages; The rights of private companies (cluster members) are only consultative; Considerable funds are allocated by the Russian Federal Government and local government to cluster development; Vologda cluster is in an initial stage of formation, by the number and composition of members, Vologda cluster could be defined as a small cluster; There are no established cluster-specific quality of service standards; There is no defined cluster core in Vologda cluster; Cluster efficiency is measured by a set of metrics (gain in number of tourists, hotel rooms, etc.); Among the factors limiting Vologda cluster development, disunity on the federal and local government levels is substantial.

This paper is currently limited in scope to the Vologda region case study and some results and key findings from field research selected by the researchers. The conditions for the selected case studies may not be identical in other Russian tourism clusters and locations (such as the Altay region cluster), and thus, the findings cannot be applied to other Russian tourism clusters without comparison studies.

The main output of this paper is a review of Russian tourism cluster formation and development based on the example of the Vologda region. It is of value to practitioners, researchers, policymakers and other stakeholders specializing in cluster research and tourism cluster development.

This study aims to investigate the prospects for cluster modeling of ethno-tourism development in Russian regions.

This study uses the methods of system and comparative analysis, mathematical statistics, managerial diagnostics, expert estimates, in-depth interview, cluster method and social and psychological testing.

A significant number of Russian and international researchers study the problem of cluster and network interaction in economics using different perspectives. Special attention should be paid to the theory of cluster and network interaction in the field of tourism. This theory establishes the framework for the formulation of the concept of regional tourism development. The author believes that the concept should be developed using network forms of interaction in the field.

The government should support cluster initiatives to improve the competitiveness of the country in the field of tourism. Further, this cluster policy should include tourist centers with the best prospects, as they are capable of stimulating the country’s economy, and develop a legal framework to provide cluster initiatives support. Otherwise, cluster and network modeling is likely to fail. Another limitation is the negative attitude of local and conventional religious communities toward the ideas of ethno-tourism issues; the best example is the included case study from Mari El Republic, Russia.

Given the wide ethic, cultural and geographical differences within the Russian Federation, it is helpful to develop a spatial model of cluster and network organization for tourism based on selection of the areas that feature unique natural and recreational potential in addition to historical and cultural attractiveness. These areas can be viewed as places where various cluster tourist initiatives and local tourist clusters can be implemented. The use of ethno-tourism as a base concept for local tourism development in the region is bound to make the region more attractive for investors and, thus, support and promote interest in the unique culture of the indigenous peoples.

This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current privacy concerns in the tourism industry by uncovering the key factors leading to such concerns (i.e. smart public services, cyber security issues, consumer behaviour and governance). Using papers from multiple sources, the relationship between technology advancements and tourist’s privacy concerns has been established.

This study adopted a machine learning-based systematic literature review approach to find out the clusters. The study analysed 68 papers using the topic modelling approach. A four-cluster solution was considered to be most representative of the extant literature identified using bibliographic coupling. Finally, content analysis of the selected literature has been performed.

This study identified four factors majorly leading to privacy concerns amid increasing technological advancements. Moreover, these factors were found to have a dyadic relationship with technological advancements. To everyone’s amazement, sustainable tourism was also found to have led to privacy concerns among tourists along with a lack of governance and cyber security issues. Furthermore, cluster-wise future research directions are provided based on the content analysis.

This study contributes to the literature by systematically reviewing and identifying the four dimensions leading to privacy concerns. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the study done is the only attempt to synthesize the extant literature on tourists’ privacy concerns using an unbiased scientific approach.

本研究对旅游业当前的隐私问题进行了全面分析, 以揭示导致此类担忧的关键因素（即智能公共服务、网络安全问题、消费者行为和治理）。 通过考察来自多方渠道的现有文献, 本研究确立了技术进步与游客隐私问题之间的关系。

本研究采用基于机器学习的系统文献综述方法来找出聚类。 该研究使用主题建模方法分析了 68 篇文章。四聚类解决方案是现有文献中最具代表的 文献分类方法。最后, 本研究对所选文献进行了内容分析。

这项研究确定了在技术进步不断增加的情况下主要导致隐私问题的四个因素。 此外, 这些因素被发现与技术进步有二元关系。 本研究还发现可持续旅游业引发了游客对隐私的担忧以及缺乏治理和网络安全问题。 此外, 通过基于内容的分析, 本研究提供了未来的聚类研究方向。

本研究对现有文献的贡献在于通过系统地文献综述和分析以确定导致隐私问题的四个维度。该研究是基于公正的科学方法综合现有游客隐私问题文献的首度尝试。

Este estudio proporciona un análisis exhaustivo de la actual preocupación por la privacidad en el sector turístico, poniendo al descubierto los factores clave que la generan (los servicios públicos inteligentes, los problemas de ciberseguridad, el comportamiento de los consumidores y la gobernanza). Gracias al uso de artículos de múltiples fuentes, se ha establecido la relación entre los avances tecnológicos y la preocupación de los turistas por la privacidad.

Este estudio adoptó un enfoque de revisión sistemática de la literatura basado en el aprendizaje automático para descubrir los conglomerados. El estudio analizó sesenta y ocho artículos utilizando el enfoque de modelización de temas. Se consideró que una solución de cuatro conglomerados era la más representativa de la literatura existente identificada mediante el acoplamiento bibliográfico. Por último, se realizó un análisis de contenido de la bibliografía seleccionada.

En este estudio se identificaron cuatro factores principales que suscitan inquietud por la privacidad en medio de los crecientes avances tecnológicos. Además, se descubrió que estos factores tienen una relación diádica con dichos avances. Para sorpresa de todos, se halló que el turismo sostenible, junto con la falta de gobernanza y los problemas de ciberseguridad, también suscitan entre los turistas preocupaciones por su privacidad. Finalmente, el análisis de contenido ofrece orientaciones para futuras investigaciones.

Este estudio contribuye a la literatura haciendo una revisión sistemática e identificando las cuatro dimensiones que conducen a la preocupación por la privacidad. Este estudio es el único intento de sintetizar la bibliografía existente sobre la preocupación de los turistas por su privacidad utilizando un enfoque científico imparcial.

The purpose of this study is to employ social exchange and social representation theories to explain Kinh and Ethnic minorities’ perceptions toward tourism development in Sapa. A cluster analysis is used to segment their perceptions based on tourism impacts.

The primary data collection involved a survey with local residents in Sapa, Vietnam.

The results from cluster analysis separate 357 local residents into three clusters which are supporters, pessimists and neutralists. The supportive cluster comprises mainly young, female and less-educated respondents who support tourism development because of their employment and income; however, the pessimistic cluster which mostly consists of highly educated and elder respondents show more concerns about tourism development. Demographic profiles of respondents are classified in each cluster, so that policymakers can put forward specific policy for each ethnic group.

The main limitation of this study is the high rate of incomplete responses in the questionnaires from ethnic minority groups.

Based on the findings of the study, implications are made for tourism planners and policymakers toward a future of more sustainable tourism development in the target context.

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study to segment the perceptions of Kinh and Ethnic minority groups toward tourism impacts in Sapa, Vietnam.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential contribution of some approaches, i.e. value‐chain, strategic marketing, electronic marketing and clustering, and to suggest a conceptual framework allowing improving effectiveness in the field of promoting tourism destinations. Hence, the paper puts forward a conceptual framework allowing attaining an integrated approach in tourism destination marketing.

The approach adopted and implemented for this study is a desk research based on extensive literature and well‐established theories.

The paper provides insights into a comprehensive approach to destination marketing planning and implementation and suggests a conceptual framework encompassing approaches contributing to improve effectiveness and efficiency in the field of destination marketing.

The factors influencing e‐marketing and clustering approaches are highlighted and a set of recommendations are put forward for destination marketers.

Destination marketing organisations all over the world have to implement innovative and appropriate approaches; and use adequate tools and techniques in order to improve their marketing activities effectiveness and efficiency. The paper successfully addresses the complexity in the field of destination marketing due to the various stakeholders involved and to the nature of tourism product/experience. Therefore, this paper successfully suggests a conceptual framework contributing to improve effectiveness and efficiency of activities of destination marketing organizations by adopting an integrated approach based on well‐established theories.

The study aims to cluster the travellers based on their social media interactions as well as to find the different segments with similar and dissimilar categories according to traveller's choice. The study also aims to understand the behaviour of clusters of the travellers towards destination selection and accordingly make the tour packages in order to improve tourists' satisfaction and gain viable benefits.

Agglomerative hierarchical clustering with Ward's minimum variance linkage algorithm and model-based clustering with parameterized finite Gaussian mixture models has been implemented to achieve the respective goals. The dimension reduction (DR) technique was introduced for better visualizing clustering structure obtained from a finite mixture of Gaussian densities.

A total of 980 travellers have been clustered into 8 different interest groups according to their tourism destinations selection across East Asia based on individual social media feedback. For selecting the optimal number of clusters as well as the behaviour of the interested travellers groups, both these proposed methods have shown remarkable similarities. DR technique ensures the reduction in dimensionality with seven directions, of which the first two directions explained 95% of total variability.

Tourism organizations focus on marketing efforts to promote the most attractive benefits to the clusters of travellers. By segmenting travellers of East Asia into homogeneous groups, it is feasible to choose a similar area to test different marketing techniques. Finally, it can be identified to which segments, new respondents or potential clients belong; consequently, the tourism organizations can design the tour packages.

The study has uniqueness in two aspects. Firstly, the study empirically revealed tourists' experience and behavioural intention to select tourism destinations and secondly, it finds quantifiable insights into the tourism phenomenon in East Asia, which helps tourism organizations to understand the buying behaviours of tourists' segments. Finally, the application of clustering algorithms to achieve the purpose of this study and the findings are very new in the literature on tourism, to understand the tourist behaviour towards destination selection based on social media reviews.