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The purpose of this study is to examine the total economic impact of tourism at the regional level in Central Finland. This paper aims to clarify the extent to which tourism contributes to regional output, employment, income and taxes in tourism-related sectors.

This study is based on a regional input–output analysis. The author calculates the effects of tourism on regional output, demand, wages, employment and national and regional taxes in Central Finland.

The author’s regional input–output analysis reveals that tourism has a substantial impact on production in Central Finland (including the direct and indirect effects of consumption by tourists in different sectors). Moreover, the effects of tourism expenditures on employment and residents’ incomes in tourism-related sectors in Central Finland are quite significant.

Many limitations of this study stem from the assumptions of the input–output model. Other limitations relate to the analysis of the impacts of tourism on household taxes, savings, consumption and net income. Our study uses average figures, which may overstate the effect of tourist expenditures on taxes because tourism jobs are often low paying.

The study yields results that can be used to frame regional policy. The results may be useful for policymakers in planning for tourist attractions. Furthermore, local authorities may use the results to guide decisions regarding infrastructure investments or improvements to the operating environment of tourism industries.

Many studies analyse the economic impact of events at the regional level using input–output analysis. National-level tourism impact studies using the input–output technique have also been conducted. Studies focussed on the economic impact of tourism at the regional level typically examine the macroeconomic (income, output and employment) effects of tourism. Consequently, these studies have focussed on estimating output, employment and income multipliers (Mazumder et al., 2012). The author’s contribution is a regional input–output analysis of direct and indirect impacts of tourism expenditures on production, demand, wages, income and employment in the whole economy at the regional level (in Central Finland). The author also analyses the impacts of tourism on national and regional taxes. The results of this study could be used by planners and policymakers involved in regional planning and development.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the entrepreneurial behaviour of small tourism businesses and their ability to contribute to regional development in the context of a transitional economy.

The research, by combining in‐depth interviews and a survey, reports on a case study of Wairarapa, a region of New Zealand that has recently seen a large expansion in the tourism sector.

The paper identifies a number of important criteria for the effective interaction of private‐public sectors as well as illustrating how small tourism firm owners are facing challenges in one of the most liberal economic environments whilst taking action to ensure periphery endurance.

Inductive theory or a bottom‐up model for regional development provides the conceptual structure for the research. The paper argues that the related paradigm is increasingly underpinned by entrepreneurial behaviour of a multiplicity of stakeholders in rural localities where tourism is seen as a key agent for regional rejuvenation on the demise of traditional economic activities.

This paper aims to identify and determine regional tourism axes in Hormozgan Province, Iran, as a region with significant potential

The research method is quantitative and uses the fuzzy accreditation tool and TOPSIS model; the identification, determination and ranking of regional tourism axes have been performed by analyzing the spatial distribution of tourism attractions in the GIS environment.

The results show that given the capacities of Hormozgan Province, at least 15 axes are recognizable. This paper highlights regional tourism planning as a tool for urban and rural socio-economic development in potential provinces such Hormozgan.

This study provides a number of practical implications for regional tourism development as follows: it identifies some of the most important potential axes in Hormozgan Province, which can be considered as investment areas in the national and regional tourism development strategy. The spatial results of this study could be embedded in all urban and rural developmental plans in the province. Tourism investment should shift its spatial concentration from the spot approach, especially islands and cities, to the axis approach while equipping those axes as comprehensive spatial strategic regional tourism plans. Sectoral tourism in each sector including sports, economy and nature could be planned as if sectoral institutions and organizations are going to develop their own tourism goals.

The high-speed rail network can lead to the transformation of the tourism industry, as well as the regional economy. In the present study, a reasonable method was developed to assess the contributions of high-speed rail network to the development of tourism and economy in a Chinese region known as the “1 + 8” city tourism circle.

The method proposed here combines not only tourism revenue but also regional economy in a MGM (1, n) gray model, and it studies the tourist and economic output of this tourism circle before and after the high-speed rail network’s construction using an advanced “with and without comparison” method.

By using this method, the accuracy of the prediction of the contribution rate of high-speed rail network is improved. We found that in the “1 + 8” city tourism circle, the high-speed rail network positively contributes to increase of the tourism arrival and tourism revenue. Furthermore, regional economy significantly grows under the impact of the high-speed rail network.

The “1 + 8” city tourism circle is studied as a closed system in this paper, and the authors focus on the economic associations between the cities in the circle by ignoring the impact from outside this circle. This treatment means, simplifies and enables the feasibility of this study, but it virtually leads to the deviation of outcomes between this study and the practical.

For theoretical values, by studying a normal Chinese inland region, this study reconfirmed the positive impact of high-speed railway empirically. In the meantime, this study developed an improved method by introducing gray theory models to “with and without comparison” method to calculate the contribution of high-speed railway to the regional tourism and economy development. Such method simultaneously incorporates the indexes of regional tourism income and regional GDP simultaneously. It is direct and convenient as it can achieve accuracy requirements using only a small amount of data, and it reconciles more with reality by considering the interaction of the outcomes of tourism and economy.

For practical values, using the proposed method, a direct and convenient calculation of the contributions of high-speed railway to many other regions can be achieved if the data of the outcomes of tourism and economy can be obtained. In such a way, the regions that really need high-speed railway to stimulate their development can be distinguished from regions whose high-speed railway is under blind construction. Thus, the government may take actions to reassess some uneconomic high-speed railway projects without discouraging the construction of high-speed railway in other regions. The authors believe that this is important not only for China but also for many other countries with high-speed railway projects.

This study develops a reasonable method of assessing the contribution of high-speed rail to regional tourism and economic development. Using this method, this study confirmed that high-speed rail indeed positively impacts the regional development.

抽象

高速铁路（HSR）网络可以带动旅游业乃至区域经济的转型。本研究构建了一个合理的方法来评估高铁网络对中国 “1+8” 城市旅游圈的旅游产业和区域经济发展的贡献。

本文提出的方法将旅游收入和区域经济的指标结合在一个MGM（1，n）灰色模型中，并采用先进的 “有无比较法” 来研究高铁网建设前后该旅游圈的旅游和经济产出。

利用该方法，可更精准地预测高速铁路网的贡献率。研究发现，在“1+8” 城市旅游圈中，高铁网络对游客到访量和旅游收入的增加起到了积极的促进作用。此外，在高铁网络的影响下，区域经济得到了显著增长。

本文将 “1+8” 城市旅游圈作为一个封闭的系统进行研究，忽略了外部因素的影响，而重点研究旅游圈内城市之间的经济联系。这种处理方法简化了本研究的过程，增加了研究的可行性，但实际上导致了本研究结果与现实存在偏差。

就理论上而言，本文通过对一个典型的中国内陆地区展开研究，从经验上重新确认了高速铁路的积极影响。同时，将灰色理论模型引入到“有无比较法” 中，提出了一种改进方法，用以计算高速铁路对区域旅游业和经济发展的贡献。该方法同时结合了区域旅游收入和GDP指标，十分直接方便，只需要少量数据就可以达到准确的要求；并且由于它考虑到了旅游业和经济的相互作用，更符合实际。

就实用价值而言，只需获得旅游业和经济成果的数据，即可利用该方法直接方便地计算高铁对众多其他地区的贡献。这样一来，就可以将真正需要高铁来刺激发展的地区与盲目建设高铁的地区区分开来。由此，政府可以对一些不经济的高速铁路项目进行重新评估，而不妨碍其他地区的高铁建设。笔者认为，这对中国乃至其他许多国家的高铁项目建设来说是很重要的。

本研究提出了一种合理的方法来评价高铁对区域旅游业和经济发展的贡献。利用这一方法，本研究证实了高铁确实对区域发展产生了积极的影响。

Resumen

La red de ferrocarril de alta velocidad (HSR) puede liderar la transformación de la industria turística, así como la economía regional. En el presente estudio, se ha desarrollado un método para evaluar las contribuciones de la red ferroviaria de alta velocidad, en el desarrollo económico en una región China conocida como el círculo de turismo urbano “1+8”.

El método que se propone combina, no solamente los ingresos por turismo, sino también la economía regional en un modelo MGM (1,n) gris, y estudia la producción turística y económica de este círculo turístico, antes y después de las construcción de la red ferroviaria de alta velocidad utilizando un método “con y sin comparación”.

Usando este método, se mejora la predicción de la tasa de contribución de la red de alta velocidad. Nosotros descubrimos que en el círculo “1+8”, la red ferroviaria de alta velocidad contribuye positivamente al aumento en la llegadas de turistas y los ingresos por turismo. Además, la economía regional, crece significativamente bajo el impacto de esta red.

En este artículo, el círculo de turismo urbano “1+8”, se estudia como un sistema cerrado, se enfoca en la asociación económica entre las ciudades, pero ignorando el impacto desde fuera. Este tratamiento significa simplificar y habilitar la viabilidad de este estudio, pero prácticamente conduce a la desviación de los resultados entre este estudio y la practica.

El valor teórico, estudiando una región normal del interior de China, reconfirma el impacto positivo del ferrocarril de alta velocidad. Mientras tanto, este estudio desarrolla un método mejorado, introduciendo los modelos de “teoría gris” en los métodos “con y sin comparación”, para el calculo de la contribución del ferrocarril de alta velocidad en el desarrollo de la economía regional y turística. Además y simultáneamente, el método incorpora los índices de ingresos del turismo regional y el PIB. Esto es directo y conveniente, ya que puede cumplir con los requisitos de precisión, usando solamente una pequeña cantidad de datos, y concilia más con la realidad considerando la interacción del resultado del turismo y economía.

Para los valores prácticos, usando el modelo propuesto, se puede lograr un cálculo directo y conveniente de las contribuciones del ferrocarril de alta velocidad a muchas otras regiones, y se pueden obtener datos del impacto del turismo y la economía. De esta manera, las regiones que realmente necesiten el ferrocarril de alta velocidad para estimular su desarrollo, se podrán diferenciar de aquellas otras que lo planteen a ciegas. Por lo tanto, los gobiernos deberían tomar acciones para reevaluar algunos proyectos ferroviarios de alta velocidad ineficientes, sin desalentar la construcción de los mismos en otras regiones. Los autores creen que esto no sólo es importante para China, sino también para muchos otros países con proyectos de ferrocarriles de alta velocidad.

Este estudio desarrolla un método razonable de evaluación de la contribución del ferrocarril de alta velocidad, en el desarrollo de la economías regionales y turísticas. Usando este método, este estudio confirma que el ferrocarril de alta velocidad añade impactos positivos en el desarrollo regional.

Despite its popularity as the only method for measuring the national economic contribution of tourism accredited by the United Nations and other multilateral economic institutions, Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) is rarely applied to subnational regions. The purpose of this paper is to examine to what extent the compliance with some general principles that any regional TSA should follow contributes to better international comparability of tourism statistics, one of the main goals of the TSA.

Through secondary research, 14 countries have been identified making regional TSA applications by complying most likely with these principles. In this regard, some methodological issues and main results obtained by these countries are investigated.

This study concludes that international comparability of TSA compilation data at regional levels should be a long-term goal once congruence is achieved between national and regional TSAs.

The paper is not based on a primary data collection of TSA data.

The paper shows that regional TSAs might also be envisaged in the international comparability process of the national TSA data. It provides suggestions for how to use data to improve measurement of the economic contribution of tourism to regions.

It is the first paper addressing the international comparability of a sizable number of regional TSAs from 14 countries.

本文旨在理解任何一个区域TSA对这些原则的遵循多大程度上有助于提高旅游统计数据的国际可比性。这是TSA的主要目标之一。

尽管旅游卫星账户（TSA）作为联合国和其他多边经济机构官方认可的测量旅游业的国家经济贡献的唯一方法而广受欢迎, 但是TSA很少被应用于地方上。通过二次研究, 已经识别了14个国家通过遵循区域TSA应遵循的一般原则来应用区域TSA。本文研究了这些国家在这方面的方法论问题和主要成果。

本研究得出结论, 一旦国家和区域TSAs达成一致, 区域层面的TSA汇编数据的国际可比性应该成为一个长期目标。

本文并非基于TSA数据的原始数据集。

本文认为, 在各国TSA数据的国际可比性进程中可能也可以展望区域TSAs. 本文为如何利用数据提高旅游业对区域经济贡献的测量提出了建议。

这是第一篇涉及来自14个国家的相当大的数据量的TSAs国际可比性的文章。

El propósito de este documento es examinar en qué medida el cumplimiento de algunos principios generales que debe seguir cualquier CST regional contribuye a una mejor comparabilidad internacional de las estadísticas de turismo, uno de los principales objetivos de la CST.

A pesar de su popularidad como el único método para medir la contribución económica nacional del turismo acreditado por las Naciones Unidas y otras instituciones económicas multilaterales, la Cuenta Satélite de Turismo (CST), rara vez se aplica a las regiones subnacionales. Mediante investigaciones secundarias, se han identificado catorce países que realizan aplicaciones regionales de la CST, cumpliendo muy probablemente con algunos principios generales que toda CST regional debería seguir. A este respecto se investigan algunas cuestiones metodológicas y los principales resultados obtenidos por esos países.

Este estudio concluye que la comparabilidad internacional de los datos de compilación de la CST a nivel regional debería ser un objetivo a largo plazo, una vez que se logre la congruencia entre las CST nacionales y regionales.

El documento no se basa en una recopilación de datos primarios de la TSA.

El documento muestra que las CST regionales también podrían contemplarse en el proceso de comparabilidad internacional de los datos de CST nacionales. Ofrece sugerencias sobre cómo utilizar los datos para mejorar la medición de la contribución económica del turismo a las regiones.

Es el primer documento que aborda la comparabilidad internacional de un número considerable de CST regionales de catorce países.

Previous studies on tourism input-output (IO) primarily focus on a single year’s snapshot or utilize outdated IO coefficients. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the multi-period development of regional tourism capacities and its influence on the magnitude of the industry’s regional economic contribution. The paper highlights the importance of applying up-to-date IO coefficients to avoid estimation bias typically found in previous studies on tourism’s economic contribution.

For the period 2008-2014, national IO tables are regionalized to estimate direct and indirect economic effects for output, employment, income and other value-added deffects. A comparison of Leontief inverse matrices is conducted to quantify estimation bias when using outdated models for analyzing tourism’s economic contribution.

On the one hand, economic linkages strengthened, especially for labour-intensive sectors. On the other hand, sectoral recessions in 2012 and 2014 led to an economy-wide decline of indirect effects, although tourists’ consumption was still increasing. Finally, estimation bias observed after applying an outdated IO model is quantified by approximately US$4.1m output, 986 jobs full-time equivalents, US$24.8m income and US$14.8m other value-added effects.

Prevailing assumptions on IO modelling and regionalization techniques aim for more precise survey-based approaches and computable general equilibrium models to incorporate net changes in economic output. Results should be cross-validated by means of qualitative interviews with industry representatives.

Additional costs for generating IO tables on an annual base clearly pay off when considering the improved accuracy of estimates on tourism’s economic contribution.

This study shows that tourism IO studies should apply up-to-date IO models when estimating the industry’s economic contribution. It provides evidence that applying outdated models involve the risk of estimation biases, because annual changes of multipliers substantially influence the magnitude of effects.

Although wine tourism in Australia and internationally is well established, marketing research efforts to date have been negligible. Estimates of visitation to wine regions by domestic and international visitors are based on secondary analysis, and these data do not conform to the accepted definition of wine tourism. Economic indicators of wine tourism at the regional level are based on industry estimates and there is no systematic collection of survey data on wine tourism. Wine Tourism marketing issues at the regional level such as market image and branding, regional identity, facilities, infrastructure, wine tourist expenditure, market research and the government promotion are explored and factors to consider when marketing wine regions are identified.

This paper examines the leadership practices of two Brazilian regional tourism organisations (RTOs) using an exploratory case study.

The research adopts an embedded case study approach, permitting the comparison of the leadership phenomenon in the “Instituto Estrada Real” (the IER) and the “Associação Circuito do Ouro” (the ACO). Semi-structured interviews (n=14) were undertaken to gather information from the RTOs' executives and actors/followers influenced directly by RTO leadership in order to obtain their perceptions about leadership practice.

Four leadership themes emerged: capacity to produce results, capacity to mobilise followers, articulation and communication of goals and actions, and articulation of roles and responsibilities. The findings are discussed in regards to the hierarchical and market governance structures of the two RTOs and the implications for leadership practice. The interviewees identified that transactional forms of leadership dominated the hierarchical governance structure of the ACO and that it was able to mobilise effectively other levels of government. However, this leadership does not deliver results at the speed required by the private sector. The IER is a market-led governance structure and its leadership practices effectively mobilised the private sector. However, it was found to operate in isolation from government and other key tourism stakeholders.

This paper draws together the regional tourism management and leadership literature, making both theoretical and applied contributions to regional tourism leadership.

The purpose of this paper is to explore and analyse the role of entrepreneurial artisan products in regional tourism competitiveness.

This study applies secondary data from different sources (Regional Directorate of Statistics of Madeira, the Madeira Institute of Wine, Embroideries and Handicrafts) covering a temporal period spanning the last 15 years (2001-2015). This deployed quantitative data analysis through an econometric approach with recourse to regression models and the Pearson’s correlation technique.

According to the results, it is suggested that in terms of external support and funding, there should be a greater role and a boost in the number of projects carried out not only under the auspices of the European Union but also under the Autonomous Region of Madeira. Thus, participant companies may invest in greater business efficiency and entrepreneurship, in innovation, promotion and the internationalisation of their products, and thereby obtain greater overall regional competitiveness.

The generalisation of results remains to a certain extent limited, given the findings stem from only one particular region. The exclusive utilisation of secondary data may also undermine the robustness of the results obtained.

The study provides empirical evidence that helps in identifying the role of artisan products within the capacity for regional tourism sector entrepreneurship and competitiveness. Furthermore, this also contributes to the knowledge of the scientific community particularly interested in artisan and cultural entrepreneurship and regional competitiveness in the tourism sector.

Using panel data for the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) member states, the present study explored the role of RCEP negotiations on tourism development.

A dynamic econometric model, namely the panel autoregressive dynamic lag model (PARDL) has been used. To test for panel causality, Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality tests were used.

Through the use of a dynamic econometric model, namely the PARDL, the results show that the RCEP negotiations, growth rates, as well as international trade contribute towards tourism development. Furthermore, the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality tests confirm the existence of a bidirectional causal link between tourism development and RCEP negotiations. Finally, a unidirectional causal link is observed between tourism development and international trade.

This existing evidence on the topic seems to be very scant and limited to specific regions and particular regional trade agreements. This paper thus fills an important gap in the literature by advancing evidence about the effects of the RCEP on international tourism flows across member countries.