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The state‐of‐the‐art of existing methods of tear resistance (static and dynamic) of clothing has been described, also presented are the parameters of static tear resistance for protective and work clothing depending on its application.

For chosen group of fabrics the introduction of a new parameter of dynamic tear resistance was proposed. For research, five static tear test methods and the dynamic one were chosen. In order to find the relationship between the results of mean tear forces for the six described methods Kendall's agreement coefficient was calculated. The comparative measurements for results of static tear resistance and dynamic tear resistance for protective and work clothing were carried out. On the basis of this, the value of tear dynamic force for these fabrics was established.

When establishing the criteria for the tear strength for protective and work clothing, the most significant was fabric end‐use and the minimal value of tear strength associated.

The value of dynamic tear resistance can be the criterion for assessment of fabrics with regard to textiles exposed to tearing during application. It was the first comparative analysis of the measurement of tear resistance methods.

Investigating test methods for the assessment of clear resistance.

Occurrence of fabric rupture is a problem that can influence fabric performance during wear. In this regard, fabric tearing resistance is considered by manufacturers and consumers and enhancing tear resistance through optimization of related parameters is beneficial.

In this study, the tearing resistance of a series of shirting fabrics with various weave patterns and weft densities were investigated by both static and dynamic tear test methods. Moreover, the constituent yarn's frictional and tensile behaviour was evaluated and their relation with tear resistance was analysis.

According to the outcomes, the fabric firmness and density and friction of yarns affect the tear resistance, reversely. However an improvement in yarn's tenacity can raise the tear resistance.

In this study it was aimed to not only consider influence of both static and dynamic tear test approach on the tearing performance of fabrics regarding their structural parameters, the impact of the constituent's yarn properties include tensile behaviour and friction coefficient on the tearing performance of fabric considered, as well.

This study compared physical characteristics in four fabrics before and after a wear trial. The constructed fabrics were: 100 per cent pima cotton, 90–10 per cent pima cotton/wool, 80–20 per cent pima cotton/wool, and 70–30 per cent pima cotton/wool. The physical properties of breaking strength, stiffness, tear resistance, pilling resistance, and wrinkle recovery were compared between worn and unworn fabrics. Wear trial participants (n=20) were asked to assess fabric comfort and performance satisfaction during wear. Results of physical testing found significant differences among blend levels and before and after wearing and care treatment levels. Tear resistance, breaking strength, stiffness, and wrinkle recovery were affected by fibre content and care level. Contrary to the authors' hypothesis, consumer satisfaction was also affected by fibre content of the fabrics.

Personal protective assembles protect searchers and rescuers from potential hazards when they enter the earthquake disaster field. Since the earthquake rescue work is risky and complicated, the corresponding protective clothing should meet with the protective, functional and comfort performance demands. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the design principles of this kind of protective clothing and present a design model based on the principles.

In this study, the requirements of the protective clothing were investigated in terms of environment, human and clothing. Then the design principles were analyzed by the hierarchy method in four aspects: protection, comfort, ergonomics and compatibility. Design approaches were also investigated in accordance with the design principles in three hierarchies.

Key design points were summarized in the selection of the shell fabrics and linings, clothing styles, constructions and specifications. Also, the overall design methodology of the protective clothing for earthquake rescue members was established.

This paper provided a theoretical basis and design model for the development of earthquake search and rescuers’ clothing.

In the last decades, the demand and use of renewable energies have been increasing. The increase in renewable energies, particularly wind energy, leads to the development and innovation of powerful wind energy converters as well as increased production requirements. Hence, a higher supporting structure is required to achieve higher wind speed with less turbulence. To date, the onshore wind towers with tubular connections are the most used. The maximum diameter of this type of tower is limited by transportation logistics. The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative wind turbine lattice structure based on half-pipe steel connections.

In this study, a new concept of steel hybrid tower has been proposed. The focus of this work is the development of a lattice structure. Therefore, the geometry of the lattice part of the tower is assessed to decrease the number of joints and bolts. The sections used in the lattice structure are constructed in a polygonal shape. The elements are obtained by cold forming and bolted along the length. The members are connected by gusset plates and preloaded bolts. A numerical investigation of joints is carried out using the finite element (FE) software ABAQUS.

Based on the proposed study, the six “legs” solution with K braces under 45° angle and height/spread ratio of 4/1 and 5/1 provides the most suitable balance between the weight of the supporting structure, number of bolts in joints and reaction forces in the foundations, when compared with four “legs” solution.

In this investigation, the failure modes of elements and joints of an alternative wind turbine lattice structures, as well as the rotation stiffness of the joints, are determined. The FE results show good agreement with the analytical calculation proposed by EC3-1-8 standard.

The purpose of this paper is to improve the productivity and quality of the wire arc additive manufacturing process by benchmarking the strategies from the selected six strategies, namely, heat treatment process, inter pass cooling process, inter pass cold rolling process, peening process, friction stir processing and oscillation process.

To overcome the lack of certainty associated with correlations and relationships in quality functional deployment, fuzzy numbers have been integrated with the quality functional deployment framework. Twenty performance measures have been identified from the literature under five groups, namely, mechanical properties, physical properties, geometrical properties, cost and material properties. Using house of quality weights are allocated to performance measures and groups, relationships are established between performance measures and strategies, and correlations are assigned between strategies. Finally, for each strategy, relative importance, score and crisp values are calculated.

Inter pass cold rolling process strategy is computed with the highest crisp value of 15.80 which is followed by peening process, heat treatment process, friction stir processing, inter pass cooling process,] and oscillation process strategy.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there has been no research in the literature that analyzes the strategies to improve the quality and productivity of the wire arc additive manufacturing process.

Copies of the following specifications may be obtained from the BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, Sales Department, 24 Victoria Street, London, S.W.I, at the prices indicated

The purpose of this paper is to obtain ZnO‐SiO₂ oxide composites of low bulk density, high homogeneity and consisting of the smallest possible particles. The optimum parameters of precipitation of ZnO‐SiO₂ oxide composites impregnated with natural latex rubber were established. The formation and impregnation the ZnO‐SiO₂ oxide composites were made to occur simultaneously.

The influence of non‐ionic surfactants added during the precipitation process on the physico‐chemical properties of the oxide systems obtained was investigated. The products were characterised by determination of bulk density, absorption capacities of water and paraffin oil, particle size distribution (applying NIBS and laser diffraction methods), as well as SEM observations of surface morphology and microstructure. Moreover, the colorimetric characteristics of the oxide composites obtained and sedimentation profiles in water were analysed. Energo‐dispersive microanalysis of the products enabled determination of the content of ZnO and SiO₂. The surface area (BET) and the size and volume of pores were also estimated.

Modification of the oxide composites with nonylphenylpolyoxyethyleneglycol ethers was found to improve the basic physico‐chemical parameters of the ZnO‐SiO₂ hybrid systems and to change the character of its surface to become more hydrophobic. The conditions in which samples with the best properties were obtained were concluded to be optimum.

Only the selected non‐ionic surfactants were applied as modifying agents of ZnO‐SiO₂.

There is a possible application of ZnO‐SiO₂ oxide composites as activators of rubber compounds and barrier materials in textiles.

The proposed method of ZnO‐SiO₂ oxide composite synthesis in the process of precipitation with simultaneous modification with non‐ionic surfactants provides products with desirable dispersive‐morphological parameters and a hydrophobic surface character.

The tear strength (Ts) is a significant property for any kind of soft polymeric material such as rubber, elastomer, viscoelastic material and its composites, to quantify the suitability of a material for any shape memory applications. Many times, the soft elastomeric polymer material has to be capable enough to deform to a maximum extent of displacement but at the same time, it has to withstand the maximum load without fail. Along with shape recovery properties (i.e. the ability to recover its shape from programmed to the original), the success of the shape memory cycle is mainly depending on its stiffness and strength. It has to resist tear during stretching (i.e. programming stage) as repeatedly subjected to deformation, and, hence, it is important to study the tear behaviour for shape memory polymers (SMPs) and their composites. The purpose of the work is to investigate the effect of parameters on Ts of 4D printed specimen using Taguchi method.

The objective of the work is to tailor the Ts of SMPs by reinforcing the graphene nano particles (GNPs) in a blended photopolymer (PP) resin with flexible PP and hard PP resin. In this study, a total of nine experiments were designed based on the L9 orthogonal array (OA) using the design of experiments (DOEs). All the shape memory photopolymer composite’s (SMPPCs) specimens are fabricated using masked stereolithography (MSLA), also known as resin three-dimensional printing (R3DP) technique.

Specimens are tested using universal testing machine (UTM) for maximum tear force (F_max) and displacement (δ) caused by tearing the specimen to evaluate the strength against the tear. The results showed that the Wt.% of resin blend highly influenced both F_max and δ, while GNPs also had an impact on δ. The specimens are offering more tear resistance for those specimens blended with less Wt.% of flexible PP at the same time the specimens enable more δ for those specimens reinforced with 0.3 Wt.% GNPs at 10-s exposure time. The optimum combinations are A1, B1 and C3 for the F_max and T_s and at the same time A1, B3 and C3 for δ.

To customise the tear resistance of SMPPCs using MSLA 3 D printing, this study suggested a blend of PP resins reinforced with GNPs. This opens up a new path for creating novel, inexpensive multi-functional 4-dimensional (4D) printed parts.

The use of flexible PP and hard PP resin blends, fabricating the SMPPCs specimens using 3 D printed MSLA technology, investigating the effect of GNPs, resin blend and exposure time, optimizing the process parameters using Taguchi and the work were all validated using confirmation tests and regression analysis using test train method, which increases the originality and novelty.

Currently, the researches on garment development and wear comfort evaluation mainly focus on the static condition type and seldom involved dynamic condition. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop cycling clothes’ patterns and evaluate their dynamic wear comfort.

First, the 3D-to-2D flattening technology was applied to develop garment patterns of a cycler’s jersey T-shirt. Then, 3D animation technology was used to simulate the scene of cycling. Next, a novel pressure-measuring method was proposed to measure static and dynamic clothing pressures in a virtual environment. Finally, the collected data were used for evaluating wear comfort.

Compared to static conditions, the dynamic wear comfort noticeably improved at the front neck, side neck, upper front chest, around back neck point and front shoulder, and the front neck. Compared to static conditions, the dynamic wear comfort visibly deteriorates at the back neck, below chest, outseam, back except around back neck point and around scapula, and the around scapula area. The dynamic pressure at back neck, below front chest and shoulder fluctuate wildly throughout the whole cycling. On the contrary, the dynamic pressure at the front neck, side neck, front upper chest and at the back cause it to tend to stability during cycling.

The 3D virtual-reality technology was applied to simulate cycling. And a novel method was proposed to measure numerical clothing pressures for evaluating the dynamic wear comfort. The proposed method can not only quantitatively evaluate the wear comfort of cycling clothes and optimize cycling clothes’ patterns, but also can be applied to other tight garment types.