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This study aims to investigate the pattern and sequence growth or changes in formulating policy strategy.

In order to get an accurate information, in this study using rapid rural appraisal method (RRA). RRA is a method with participatory approach to obtain data/information and assessments, generally in the field in a relatively short time.

The result of index multiplier effect analysis in the rubber development region in 2010 was 1.83. In 2014 it dropped to 0.65. The conditions show decline in the rubber farming in the countryside. Natural rubber and its derivatives are believed to spur regional economic growth and be able to improve income distribution and poverty alleviation through employment. Institutional arrangement with the concept of natural rubber farming sustainability-based natural rubber (ABKA) provides two effects: first, the direct effect, i.e. the concept of ABKA provides direct benefits to the parties involved in the business. Second, indirect effects, namely, the concept of ABKA, provides benefits to the parties who are not directly involved in the company.

Originality of this paper shows that a participatory approach used in this research is an RRA and the location of the research is Riau, Indonesia, both of which have not been studied earlier.

THE term synthetic rubber is strictly related only to a product which is physically and chemically indistinguishable from natural rubber; no material has been developed fitting such a definition and synthetic substances which possess properties approximating to those of the natural product are generally regarded as synthetic rubbers. More exact definition has been attempted by many authors in particular to so‐regard only those products which are capable of vulcanization, thus turning from plastic to clastic bodies. No new word describing the synthetic bodies has been accepted and it will now prove difficult to divorce the term “synthetic rubber” from any material showing reasonably comparable properties with natural rubber.

Polyoxyethylated hydroxy benzyl oleamide has found use in lubricants to prevent adhesion in moulds during the production of vulcanizates of natural and of synthetic rubbers. Polyoxyethylated oleamide acts as a mould lubricant for synthetic rubbers, whilst polyglycol 400 dilaurate can be used to reduce the time and temperature necessary for the recovery of old vulcanizates using paraffin oil and bitumen. Anti‐fogging properties can be sustained in rubber hydrochloride films by the use of polyglycol 1500 dilaurate, and improved percentage elongation can be promoted in intimate blends of polystyrene and SBR rubbers by the inclusion of polyglycol 4000 monostearate. Polyoxyethylated sorbitan monostearate acts as an emulsifer in the emulsion polymerisation of styrene, butadiene and styrene/ butadiene copolymer rubbers, and it can perform as an anti‐static for the latter. Polyoxyethylated stearylamine can be incorporated into lubricants designed to prevent adhesion in moulds during production of vulcanizates of synthetic and of natural rubber, and rubber latexes and other aqueous dispersions of rubber can be rendered more stable by the employment of polyoxyethylated stearyl alcohol, and thus allow storage in untreated containers for long periods of time. Polyoxypropylated sorbitan monopalmitate will serve as a parting agent, releasing aid, for unvulcanized rubber and vulcanized rubber, without interfering with further bonding and coating of rubber.

The purpose of this paper is to study the socio-economic condition of indigenous households involved in the production of palm oil and natural rubber in Peninsular Malaysia.

Discriminant analysis is used in this study.

This study finds that 49.70 percent of natural rubber plantation owners and 37.3 percent of the palm oil plantation owners live under the national poverty line. Discriminant analysis shows that natural rubber plantation size has a significant difference between income below the poverty line and above the poverty line. But palm oil plantation size is not significantly different between income below and above the poverty line, mainly because small-scale palm oil farms receive help from the government and other agencies. This study also finds that the majority of indigenous people do not have ownership rights to their land.

This study suggests that small-scale plantation holders should be provided with training to upgrade their skills to increase productivity. Furthermore, finding an appropriate land ownership model helps to understand the fundamental issue of poverty among the small-scale plantation holder of indigenous people in Peninsular Malaysia.

Primary data are used in this study. The results show different scenarios than the existing studies.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the recession effects in market efficiency of natural rubber futures contracts traded in India.

The research draws inferences from Granger causality and Engle–Granger cointegration tests, which are administered separately on 14 year daily price data spanning into two distinct, non-overlapping time series of 2004–2008 and 2009–2017.

Analysis shows that rubber futures market is informationally efficient in price discovery. The results of cointegartion tests indicate that a long-term relationship does exist between futures and spot prices of the natural rubber in India. The recession effects in the market efficiency of rubber futures contracts are evident from the increase in optimal hedge ratios estimated with the cointegration methodology.

The study pursues a simple cointegration methodology to assess the causal relations between spot and futures market prices in the Indian context. Future studies investigating the long-run causal relations, with error correction framework, between spot and future prices of rubber from other leading rubber producing countries can validate the findings more on this issue.

The research expects to pass on vital information inputs on the implications of future contracts to rubber traders for managing their portfolios. The study of this kind definitely will be a great help to farmers and exporters who are potentially interested in gaining access to a hedging vehicle.

The paper is unique in terms of understanding the effects of economic recession in information efficiency of futures market. Moreover, a limited number of studies have explored the functional utilities of rubber futures in emerging market context.

During the last year the use of rubber and its derivatives as anti‐corrosive lining agents has been brought into what might be called ‘daily newspaper prominence’ by the completion of two projects using vast quantities of these materials. These projects—the lining of the various parts of the Associated Ethyl Co.'s bromine plant at Amlwch, Isle of Anglesey, and the preparation of the ‘world's largest rubber bag’ for the Mill Hill reservoir at Easington, Co. Durham—are striking examples of the development of this branch of chemical engineering. However, although it is only recently that such large amounts of rubber have been used in single undertakings, this does not minimise the important position which this extremely adaptable material has held for very many years in anti‐corrosive work.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the recent developments in the natural rubber industry and identify the major factors that will likely determine the sustainability of Thailand's competitive advantage in this area.

Data were gathered through in depth interviews with industry experts both in the private and public sectors. The obtained information was then analyzed under the standard framework of national competitiveness widely referred to as the Diamond Model.

The recent success of the Thai rubber industry stems from the competitiveness of local firms in the upstream industry and the leadership of foreign firms in the downstream sector. To further strengthen competitiveness, a more concerted effort to encourage innovation and technology absorption by local downstream firms is required.

This research provides a comprehensive overview of one of Thailand's most significant agricultural exporting industries. It systematically analyzes the sector's strengths and weaknesses and offers recommendations for policy makers to manage future opportunities and threats.

One of the most versatile weapons which the corrosion engineer has at his disposal in his constant war against corrosion is rubber. Both natural and synthetic rubber sheet linings have been used for many years for the protection of tanks and chemical plant, and rubber has also entered the field of acid‐resisting cements in the form of the rubber latex‐hydraulic cement compounds. Both of these techniques have been described in previous issues of this journal, but the fact remains that one of the commonest methods of preventing corrosion is by the application of a protective coating of only a few thousandths of an inch thickness and here again the rubbers play an important part.

THE elastic members used in flexible engine mountings are nearly always made of rubber, cither natural or synthetic, bonded or unbonded. The reason for this is that although metallic springs could be designed to have the required stiffness properties they have very little natural damping and would allow very large amplitudes to build up at resonant conditions unless some external damping device such as friction disks or oil dashpots were employed. Also it is a difficult matter to anchor a metallic spring in such a way that fretting will not occur at the fixing point. Rubber on the other hand has considerable damping properties and it is this (plus its high specific resilience) which has largely determined its pre‐eminence in this field.