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The purpose of this study is to analyse the problem of high binder content in sand mould and to solve it. Meanwhile, to increase build speed, especially for heavy casting’s sand mould with a high value in layer height, such as 2 mm in construction instead of the industry standard of 0.3 mm, line forming for three-dimensional (3D) sand mould printing is researched.

Brief introduction of 3D sand mould printing and key issues are given first. Then, this paper quantitatively analyses binder content in sand mould. Finally, to acquire sand mould with appropriate binder content and high build speed, line forming combining traditional furan no-bake sand manufacture technique is researched, as well as relevant feasible schemes and current progress.

The study shows that compared with traditional technique, binder content in sand mould produced by available 3D printing technique is too high, bad for sand mould’s properties and quality of castings, while line forming brings guaranteed binder content and improved build speed.

More experiments are needed to demonstrate quantitative analysis of binder content and to obtain flowability of moist sand, detailed structure design of nozzle and practical build speed, as well as methods of circulation of materials considering solidification time.

Line forming with higher build speed and suitable binder content means excellent properties of sand mould and castings as well, bringing obvious implication for moulds industries and manufacturing industry.

This new method could increase build speed and meanwhile guarantee binder content. Thus, its application prospect is promising.

The purpose of this paper is to review available technologies, analyse their features, propose a new approach of 3D sand mould printing based on line forming, introduce the manufacturing principle and show advantages of this approach, especially for larger parts with large Z steps in the build, such as 2 mm stepwise.

This paper introduces 3D sand mould printing, compares and analyses technological process and existing fabrication approaches among available technologies first. Then, a new approach of 3D sand mould printing is proposed to improve build speed. In addition, the proposed system will be analysed or benchmarked against existing systems.

A new approach based on line forming of sand mould printing is put forward by reviewing and analysing available technologies, to improve build speed from the aspect of basic moulding movement instead of optimization of moulding methods and process parameters. The theoretical calculation and analysis shows that build speed can be improved greatly, and it is more suitable for the manufacture of large-scale casting’s sand mould when considering dimensional accuracy and printing error, as well as uniformity of each layer.

The specific implement scheme of line forming and nozzle’s specific structure of this new approach need further study.

Much higher build speed of 3D sand mould printing with new approach brings evident implication for moulds companies and manufacturing industry, having a far-reaching influence on the development of national economy.

This paper reviews available technologies and presents a new approach of 3D sand mould printing for the first time. Analysis of the new approach shows that this new method of sand mould printing can boost build speed greatly. So, its application prospect is great.

This paper describes algorithms and software for decomposing CAD models for a new mold manufacturing process called WirePATH™, which uses wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) to reduce mold fabrication time. A decomposition strategy has been developed to account for the limitations of wire EDM. During decomposition, CAD models are separated into manufacturable segments and then layered if they contain curved or relatively flat sloped surfaces because wire EDM is limited to steeply sloped ruled surfaces. A new algorithm for direct adaptive layering of CAD models is developed. The algorithm analyzes surface error by comparing line segments against actual curves from the model surface. Also, the maximum angle needed to produce each layer is checked, and, in some cases, the layers are reconstructed to conform to the maximum angle.

This paper examines the possible cooperation options in terms of empty container repositioning across alliances for shipping lines based in the Greater China Region (China, Taiwan and Hong Kong SAR), after the three global shipping alliances reformed in April 2017.

This paper offers a comprehensive review to the latest shipping alliances and introduces a new cooperative dimension among shipping lines based in the Greater China Region which are member of different shipping alliances.

Cooperation among shipping lines in the Greater China Region in terms of empty container handling is possible in terms of resource sharing among shipping lines across alliances that fosters mega shipping line formation in the future.

Shipping lines should review their current empty container repositioning strategies and explore cooperation among non-alliance members having headquarters in proximity for quick responsiveness in empty container repositioning plan and execution.

This is a research directly analyzing the empty repositioning plan of the major shipping lines and their major service routes, fleet and containers.

This paper aims to investigate the circulation of moist silica sand to provide appropriate feeding modes and references for designing the coating device when printing sand mold with line-forming.

First, this paper briefly introduces sand mold printing with line-forming and the circulation problem brought by moist silica sand. The outlet may be choked due to poor flowability and solidification characteristic, resulting in poor dimensional tolerance and even production failure. Then, based on circulation modeling, a series of feeding modes is proposed to guarantee adequate feeding, avoid solidification and ensure successful fabrication. Finally, the GUI of control software is developed, including slicing, path planning and the function of virtual printing.

Several feeding modes of moist silica sand are put forward to avoid the choke.

The authors will further investigate the flowability of furan no-bake sand based on experiments.

This paper is going to provide references for the novel design of nozzle, prototype and sand mold printing, influencing significantly on mold manufacturing and the casting industry. This research applies equally to equipment having the circulation of high moist particles with solidification features.

The purpose of this paper is to examine innovative union use of the internet in the 2000s and to see whether the major union innovations in the USA and UK mark the advent of “open source” union structures.

Reviews two important innovations, www.workingamerica.org and www.unionreps.org.uk Examines how they may fit with the open source union design.

Both the AFL‐CIO and US union efforts to develop open source union forms and the TUC and UK union efforts to improve services to workers and members through the internet mark the advent of the open source union form. The two countries have different approaches to this innovation, which reflect the differing problems faced by unions in the USA and UK. In both countries, unions will have to find the appropriate mix of on‐line and off‐line activities to create stable open source organizations.

No other paper has examined union use of the internet in terms of creating the new open source union form.

The analysis of fluid flow and thermal transport performance inside the cavity has found numerous applications in various engineering fields, such as nuclear reactors and solar collectors. Nowadays, researchers are concentrating on improving heat transfer by using ternary nanofluids. With this motivation, the present study analyzes the natural convective flow and heat transfer efficiency of ternary nanofluids in different types of porous square cavities.

The cavity inclination angle is fixed ω = 0 in case (I) and ω=π4 in case (II). The traditional fluid is water, and Fe3O4+MWCNT+Cu/H2O is treated as a working fluid. Ternary nanofluid's thermophysical properties are considered, according to the Tiwari–Das model. The marker-and-cell numerical scheme is adopted to solve the transformed dimensionless mathematical model with associated initial–boundary conditions.

The average heat transfer rate is computed for four combinations of ternary nanofluids: Fe3O4(25%)+MWCNT(25%)+Cu(50%),Fe3O4(50%)+MWCNT(25%)+Cu(25%),Fe3O4(33.3%)+MWCNT(33.3%)+Cu(33.3%) and Fe3O4(25%)+MWCNT(50%)+Cu(25%) under the influence of various physical factors such as volume fraction of nanoparticles, inclined magnetic field, cavity inclination angle, porous medium, internal heat generation/absorption and thermal radiation. The transport phenomena within the square cavity are graphically displayed via streamlines, isotherms, local and average Nusselt number profiles with adequate physical interpretations.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the ternary nanofluids may be used to achieve the high thermal transmission in nuclear power systems, generators and electronic device applications.

The current analysis is useful to improve the thermal features of nuclear reactors, solar collectors, energy storage and hybrid fuel cells.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no research has been carried out related to the magneto-hydrodynamic natural convective Fe3O4+MWCNT+Cu/H2O ternary nanofluid flow and heat transmission filled in porous square cavities with an inclined cavity angle. The computational outcomes revealed that the average heat transfer depends not only on the nanoparticle’s volume concentration but also on the existence of heat source and sink.

The purpose of this paper is to solve the issue of via filling and pattern plating simultaneously by concentration optimization of accelerator and leveler in the electroplating bath.

This paper designs a series of experiments to verify the performance of pattern plating with the via filling plating formula. Then the compositions of electroplating solution are optimized to achieve via filling and pattern plating simultaneously. Finally, the mechanism of co-plating for via and line is discussed in brief.

To achieve excellent performance for via filling and pattern plating simultaneously, proportion of additives are comprehensively considered in optimization of electroplating process. Effects of additives on the via filling and pattern plating should be taken into consideration, especially in achieving flat lines.

This paper discusses the different effects of accelerator and leveler on the via filling and the pattern plating, respectively. The process of co-plating for the via and the line is presented. The superfilling of via and the flat line are simultaneously obtained with the optimized via filling formula.

ONE area of business to which Work Study could profitably devote some attention is that of planned printing. Even in the second half of the twentieth‐century it is a subject of which many people seem quite unaware, although efficiency‐conscious companies could well find it to be a source of productivity and profit.

Vertical line extension is an attractive growth strategy that allows brands to address heterogeneous consumer needs and react to competitive pressure. The purpose of this paper is to systematically review and summarize vertical line extension research to derive general insights into vertical upward and downward line extension.

Drawing on a systematic review of 536 academic articles and predefined inclusion criteria, this research identifies and evaluates all articles that add knowledge to the topic of vertical line extension (n = 64).

This research derives general insights in several vertical line extension-specific issues. Different forms of vertical line extension, conceptual differences between upward and downward extensions, as well as the role of perceived fit, extension degree and the parent brand are crucial for the study and evaluation of extension and parent brand feedback effects. Those effects are complex and often work in opposing directions not only for the parent brand but also for the extension. Future research needs to face that complexity as well as methodological issues and different research contexts to further advance the literature stream.

This paper provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of vertical line extension research characteristics and results. It provides new insights on the characteristics and effects of vertical line extensions and guides future research on the topic.