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In line with the stimulus overload theory, this study seeks a comprehensive understanding of tourism crowding by examining residents’ perceived tourism crowding and their corresponding avoidance and approach reactions through sustainable tourism. In addition, the study aims to investigate whether residents’ proenvironmental behavior moderates’ tourism’s negative impacts on the local ecosystem, delving into its potential mitigating role.

Using purposive sampling, the authors engaged residents associated with government and nongovernment organizations, universities, colleges and schools, as well as individuals from the business sector encompassing hotels, restaurants and cafeterias, markets and dedicated social activists actively involved in community affairs.

The analysis, conducted on 920 questionnaires using structural equation modeling, demonstrates that tourism crowding exhibits a negative correlation with sustainable tourism and approach reactions but a positive correlation with avoidance reactions. Furthermore, the moderation analysis suggests that as residents’ proenvironmental behavior improves, the detrimental effect of tourism crowding on sustainable tourism diminishes.

The study presents numerous implications for policymakers and the tourism industry, emphasizing the need to comprehend residents’ perceptions of tourism crowding and sustainable tourism. It underscores the importance of engaging residents in the tourism process to achieve sustainability goals.

The novel theoretical contribution lies in applying the stimulus overload theory to examine tourism crowding and sustainable tourism, specifically from the residents’ perspectives.

本研究根据刺激超负荷理论, 通过考察旅游地居民在整个可持续旅游过程中对旅游拥挤的感知以及他们的相应回避和接近反应, 寻求对旅游拥挤的全面了解。此外, 本研究旨在调查旅游地居民的环保行为是否可以缓和旅游对当地生态系统造成的负面影响, 并深入探讨潜在缓解作用。

我们采用目的性抽样方法, 邀请了与政府和非政府组织、大学、学院和学校有关联的旅游地居民, 来自商业领域（包括HORECA“酒店、餐馆和自助餐厅”和市场）的个人, 以及积极参与社区事务的专职社会活动家。

本研究采用结构方程模型（SEM）对920份调查问卷进行分析, 结果表明旅游拥挤与可持续旅游和接近反应呈负相关, 而与回避反应呈正相关。此外, 缓和分析表明, 随着旅游地居民环保行为的改善, 旅游拥挤对可持续旅游的不利影响呈现减弱。

本研究为决策者和旅游业提供了许多启示, 强调需要了解旅游地居民对旅游拥挤和可持续旅游的感知, 亦强调了让旅游地居民参与旅游过程的重要性, 以确保实现可持续发展目标。

本研究贡献了新颖的理论, 应用刺激超负荷理论考察旅游拥挤和可持续旅游, 特别是从旅游地居民角度进行考察。

Este estudio busca una comprensión global de la masificación turística mediante el examen de la masificación turística percibida por los residentes y sus correspondientes reacciones de aproximación y evitación a través del turismo sostenible, en el marco de la teoría de la sobrecarga de estímulos. Además, el estudio investiga si el comportamiento proambiental de los residentes modera los impactos negativos del turismo en el ecosistema local, profundizando en su potencial papel mitigador.

Utilizando un muestreo intencional o por juicio, se recogieron datos de residentes vinculados a organizaciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, universidades, institutos y escuelas, así como a personas del sector empresarial que engloba hoteles, restaurantes y cafeterías, mercados y activistas sociales que participan activamente en asuntos comunitarios.

El análisis de 920 cuestionarios mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales demuestra que la masificación turística presenta una correlación negativa con el turismo sostenible y las reacciones de aproximación, pero una correlación positiva con las reacciones de evitación. Además, el análisis de moderación sugiere que a medida que mejora el comportamiento proambiental de los residentes, disminuye el impacto negativo de la masificación turística sobre el turismo sostenible.

El estudio presenta numerosas implicaciones para los responsables políticos y la industria turística, destacando la necesidad de comprender las percepciones de los residentes sobre la masificación turística y el turismo sostenible. Se subraya la importancia de implicar a los residentes en el proceso turístico para alcanzar objetivos de sostenibilidad.

La novedosa aportación teórica radica en la aplicación de la teoría de la sobrecarga de estímulos para examinar la masificación turística y el turismo sostenible, específicamente desde la perspectiva de los residentes.

Postpandemic efforts to rebuild have steered the global economy toward a more sustainable trajectory. It is imperative to acknowledge the pressing need for further enhancements in the sustainable development of the tourism industry. This study aims to examine the influence of personal factors, including environmental concern, cultural interest, travel lifestyle and involvement, on tourist satisfaction and revisit intention, using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as its framework.

The data was gathered through surveys conducted in three of Türkiye’s most famous slow travel destinations: Seferihisar, Gökçeada and Akyaka. The analysis was carried out using SPSS and SmartPLS software, with subsequent structural model testing.

This study presents an extended model that incorporates four individual factors, tourist satisfaction, TPB and revisit intention. All hypotheses have been rigorously tested, and the model accounts for 60.4% of the variance in revisit intention. The findings are comprehensively discussed in this article, supported by relevant theoretical frameworks.

Future research avenues could delve into the evolution of slow tourism in both developed and developing countries, assess disparities in revisit intentions between slow tourism and mass tourism destinations and investigate the prospects of sustainable tourism development in the postpandemic era.

The authors use the TPB to examine individual factors, tourist satisfaction and revisit intentions, aiming to build an extended model to gain a deeper understanding of the slow tourist decision-making process.

Drawing on the stimulus–organism–response framework, this study examined the environmental stimuli driving tourists' internal, or organismic, states. In addition, the authors investigated the association of the identified organismic variables with the response variables during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, the study examined how the associations between tourists' anticipation of recovery and the national government's smart governance, on one hand, and tourists' desire to travel domestically, their attitude toward domestic travel and their willingness to exhibit prosocial behaviors, on the other, further drive the satisfaction they derive from domestic travel.

The authors used an online questionnaire to collect self-report, single-wave data from individuals residing in India, an emerging market (N = 421).

The findings demonstrate (1) the association of anticipated recovery on the desire to travel and prosocial behavior; (2) the association of smart governance on attitude (although negative); (3) the association of desire, attitude and prosocial behavior on satisfaction; and (4) the lack of any moderation effect for perceived severity.

This study is the first empirical study to investigate the impact of tourists' perceptions and dispositions and the efficacy of the national government on tourists' desire to travel domestically and on their satisfaction with domestic travel. The findings can help emerging market multinationals and global brands engage better with domestic consumers in emerging markets within the context of the current pandemic. In addition, the findings can help to prepare these players to handle future disruptions caused by global health contingencies.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the onset of the conflict in Ukraine led to a sustained downturn in tourist arrivals (TA) in Russia. This paper aims to explore the influence of geopolitical risk (GPR) and other indices on TA over 1995–2023.

We employ a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model to analyze the effects, capturing both the positive and negative shocks of these variables on TA.

Our research demonstrates that the NARDL model is more effective in elucidating the complex dynamics between macroeconomic factors and TA. Both an increase and a decrease in GPR lead to an increase in TA. A 1% negative shock in GPR leads to an increase in TA by 1.68%, whereas a 1% positive shock in GPR also leads to an increase in TA by 0.5%. In other words, despite the increase in GPR, the number of tourists coming to Russia increases by 0.5% for every 1% increase in that risk. Several explanations could account for this phenomenon: (1) risk-tolerant tourists: some tourists might be less sensitive to GPR or they might find the associated risks acceptable; (2) economic incentives: increased risk might lead to a depreciation in the local currency and lower costs, making travel to Russia more affordable for international tourists; (3) niche tourism: some tourists might be attracted to destinations experiencing turmoil, either for the thrill or to gain firsthand experience of the situation; (4) lagged effects: there might be a time lag between the increase in risk and the actual impact on tourist behavior, meaning the effects might be observed differently over a longer period.

Our study, employing the NARDL model and utilizing a dataset spanning from 1995 to 2023, investigates the impact of GPR, gross domestic product (GDP), real effective exchange rate (REER) and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on TA in Russia. This research is unique because the dataset was compiled by the authors. The results show a complex relationship between GPR and TA, indicating that factors influencing TA can be multifaceted and not always intuitive.

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, African students studying tourism and hospitality internationally had diverse experiences in their professional endeavours. This study seeks to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the career progression and perspectives of African undergraduate students specialising in higher education in the fields of tourism and hospitality.

The study utilised qualitative content analysis, which involves subjectively interpreting text data by systematically categorising and coding it to identify themes or patterns.

The findings deviate from how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the career advancement of African international students studying tourism and hospitality in North Cyprus. Consequently, most developing nations face an increased need for security measures. Tourists will pay higher prices to visit highly secure areas rather than risking their lives. This is one of the reasons why many students from developing nations choose to pursue their careers in developed countries.

It is imperative for the governments of developing nations to make substantial financial contributions to the development of their respective tourism sectors. Augmented investment has the potential to allure international tourists, thereby generating employment prospects for the host economies. The lack of investment forces young individuals to pursue their education overseas. Furthermore, it is imperative for developing nations to enhance their security infrastructure.

Our findings suggest that policymakers should establish a diverse management team that includes student employees to develop suitable strategies for industry management. Insufficient student inclusivity can result in a lack of dedication, whereas involving them in management strategies can contribute to the industry’s prosperity.

The findings obtained from this research can stimulate the formulation of strategies within the tourism industry to tackle the intersection of career obstacles.

The tourism industry is seeing unprecedented growth due to the convergence of the internet and growing travel trends. E-tourism digitises the tourism business, including processes, value chains, infrastructure, services and auxiliary industries, to maximise efficiency and effectiveness. It is in response to the globalisation of the tourism sector, which has spurred the introduction of information and communications technologies (ICTs) during the past four decades. ICT can boost travellers' satisfaction by providing pre-trip information about tourism attractions and allowing them to contact vendors directly, obtain accurate information and get the lowest price.

ICT has made the global tourism sector more competitive by providing pre-trip information about tourism attractions, allowing tourists to contact vendors directly, obtain accurate information and get the lowest price. Search engines, transport capacity and network speeds have increased the number of international travellers who use technology to organise and document their trips. E-tourism reduces seasonality, improves consumer communication and boosts reservations and sales. ICT also affects customer behaviour management and future marketing models and supports tourism industry globalisation by providing practical tools to tourism agents to develop and disseminate their offers globally. Strategic behaviours significantly impact tourism, as eliminating intermediaries shortens the distance between client and provider. ICT is a new way to boost tourism demand, which attracts more tourists and generates more revenue while improving the sector.

After each of the COVID-19-induced lockdowns, an unprecedented surge in leisure travel was observed, resulting in tourists flocking to places of tourist interest. This phenomenon was termed revenge travel in popular literature. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of revenge travel in detail through an academic lens. It examines the psychological and emotional motivations for revenge travel while studying the differences in travel behaviour pre- and post-pandemic.

The study applies an interpretive phenomenological approach to explore post-pandemic travel behaviour. Data were collected via personal in-depth semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis of the transcripts was conducted to arrive at discussion themes.

Drawing on the established theories, the findings of the study indicate that lockdown fatigue coupled with mortality salience induced individuals towards leisure travel. This in turn led to mood alleviation and compensation for the deprivation undergone.

The study reveals important insights into post-pandemic preferences of travel destinations (off-beat locations near urban clusters), accommodation options (more travellers choosing home stays and stand-alone properties) and vacation itineraries (a gradual shift towards slow tourism with more focus on immersive experiences). Further, there are indications that hotels may develop “workcations” and “staycations” as a new line of offering.

The study adds to the small body of knowledge on revenge travel. It adopts a phenomenological approach, thereby capturing the “lived experiences” of the participants and providing an in-depth look into the psychological and emotional motivations of revenge travel that have not been explored previously. The study provides insights into the travellers' psychology post a period of withdrawal and restraint.

Storytelling is increasingly becoming a popular tool for promoting local fairs, festivals, culture and heritage. It is also being used to boost regional economies and revitalise them. Storytelling involves recounting past events and emphasising their relevance to the current situation. It is a powerful way to communicate shared experiences and values from one generation to the next. By engaging in storytelling, local or regional fairs or festivals are able to subsidise the regeneration of their economy. Furthermore, storytelling can help to bridge the gap between the past, present and future, providing a sense of permanency and belonging. Transmedia storytelling, often called transmedia narrative, is a technique for integrating current digital technology to present a tale or story experience across several platforms and formats.

Rajasthan is a vibrant, colourful and lively region of India. It comes out on top regarding holidays, traditions and culture. It sparkles brighter when its festivals are taking place. Due to its festive atmosphere, they have played a significant role in Rajasthani culture. The state of Rajasthan is known for its warm hospitality.

The current study's objective is to investigate various regional festivals in Rajasthan that have helped to develop regional identity through transmedia and to understand the connection between regional festivals' storytelling and tourism. Our findings indicated a positive relationship between regional or local festival narrative and travellers' inclination to visit or return. Additionally, the local community develops a positive sense of itself due to these festivals.

Guided by the self-determination theory and theory of planned behaviour, this study aims to examine the determinants of participating in metaverse tourism for Gen Z and Gen Y.

The cross-sectional method was used to collect data from 248 respondents from Gen Z and Gen Y tourists. The research model was evaluated using the partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM).

The PLS-SEM results supported the positive effect of attitude and perceived behavioural control on tourists’ intention to participate in the metaverse tourism. In addition, the crucial role of intrinsic motivation in raising individuals’ cognitive beliefs about metaverse tourism was confirmed.

In addition to the theoretical contributions, the findings provide several managerial implications for tourism practitioners, scholars and metaverse developers to help them make insightful decisions and promote the development of metaverse tourism.

在自我决定理论和计划行为理论的指导下, 本研究探讨了Z世代和Y世代参与元宇宙旅游的决定因素。

采用横截面法收集了248名Z世代和Y世代游客的数据。采用偏最小二乘-结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)对模型进行了分析。

PLS-SEM结果支持态度和感知行为控制对游客参与元宇宙旅游意愿的积极影响。此外, 内在动机在提高个人对元宇宙旅游的认知信念方面的关键作用也得到了证实。

本文为旅游从业者、学者和元宇宙旅游开发商提供了一些管理启示, 帮助他们做决策, 促进元宇宙旅游的发展。

Guiado por la teoría de la autodeterminación y la teoría del comportamiento planificado, este estudio examina los determinantes de la participación en el turismo del Metaverso para la Generación Z y la Generación Y.

Se utilizó el método transversal para recopilar datos de 248 turistas encuestados de la Generación Z y la Generación Y. El modelo de investigación se evaluó utilizando la metodología de ecuaciones estructurales de mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-SEM).

Los resultados del PLS-SEM respaldan el efecto positivo de la actitud y el control percibido del comportamiento en la intención de los turistas de participar en el turismo en el metaverso. Además, se confirma el crucial papel, de la motivación intrínseca a la hora de elevar las creencias cognitivas de los individuos sobre el turismo del metaverso.

Además de las contribuciones teóricas, los hallazgos proporcionan varias implicaciones empresariales para los profesionales del turismo, académicos y desarrolladores de Metaverso para ayudarles a tomar decisiones perspicaces y promover el desarrollo de este turismo.

This chapter presents a recent study which explored the impact of entrepreneurship education on South African tourism students' entrepreneurial intention, regarding starting a tourism-related business after graduation. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect data from randomly selected tourism students in a South African comprehensive University. Study findings show that entrepreneurship education has an influence on tourism students' entrepreneurial intentions and perceptions of desirability and feasibility. The study results moreover reveal that having entrepreneurial family background and entrepreneurship education played a role in achieving entrepreneurial attributes and desirability. The adoption of various reform programmes targeted at enhancing the graduate employability and/or self-employment, such as the inclusion of a new entrepreneurial track to the undergraduate curriculum, is one of the study's recommendations for the department of tourism studied. Students should be encouraged to apply for the entrepreneurship education track, which includes business training as well as customised coaching and mentorship sessions with accomplished businesspeople, as early as in their first academic year.