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The purpose of this paper is to encapsulate vanilla extract by using inclusion complex of ß-cyclodextrin and also to investigate the qualities of the encapsulated powder in terms of vanillin content, moisture content, and stability under accelerated condition.

A randomized block and factorial 3×3 experimental designs with three replications were used for the studies of solvent extraction, microencapsulation of natural vanilla extract and stability of microencapsulated vanilla powder.

Ethanol concentration and ratio of vanilla to ethanol had positive effects on vanillin content. The extraction with 55 percent ethanol and the ratio of vanilla pods to ethanol as 1:4 provided the highest vanillin content of 341.23 mg/100 mL of the extract. The amount of vanilla extract and kneading time gave significant (p<0.05) effect on the microencapsulation efficiency (ME). The greatest ME found was 94.50 percent when 9 percent vanilla extract and 10 min of kneading time were used. The interaction of temperature and water activity gave significant effect on the second-order kinetic reaction of encapsulated vanilla powder (p<0.05).The most suitable condition of storage was 35°C with a_w of 0.64, providing the kinetic constant (k) of 0.0024, and correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.92 with t_half-life of 4.54 weeks.

This study provides the most suitable condition for natural vanilla extraction and microencapsulation as well as storage stability for natural vanilla powder production using the third grade vanilla pods grown at Royal Project, Khun Wang Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Incorporation of either EDTA or β-cyclodextrin in the bioscouring treatments and its onset on the bioscoured fabrics performance was intensively studied. Biotreatments involved single use of alkaline pectinase enzyme or in combination with cellulase enzyme in a subsequent treatment. EDTA and β-cyclodextrin were entailed independently in the bioscouring by using two strategies: 1) they were applied to the fabrics as a pretreatment and; 2) they were added to the bioscouring treating solution. Fabrics used were enzymatically desized. Desized fabrics under investigation comprised cotton fabric, mercerized cotton fabric, cotton/polyester (50/50) blend fabric and cotton/polyester (35/65) blend fabric. Results showed that pretreatment of fabrics with EDTA followed by subsequent bioscouring by alkaline pectinase enzyme in single use or in combination with cellulase enzyme in a separate step decreases the performance of bioscoured fabrics. On the other hand, incorporation of EDTA in the bioscouring solution containing alkaline pectinase enzyme alone or together with an extra treatment in the bioscouring solution containing cellulase improves the performance of the bioscoured fabrics. It was also found that addition of β-cyclodextrin to the bioscouring solutions containing alkaline pectinase enzyme alone or supported by cellulase enzyme in a separate step acts in favour of the technical properties and performance of the bioscoured fabrics.

The purpose of this study was to design a paper strip-based non-invasive urine analysis system for the qualitative detection of biomarker aquaporin-1 (AQP1) in renal cancer (RC). RC accounts for 3% of all cancers and 85% of all kidney tumors and mainly originates from the kidney cortex. In recent times, higher urine concentration of AQP1 in patients with RC was confirmed as a specific biomarker of the disease. Hence, the noninvasive, user-friendly and self-diagnostic method is required for the detection of aquaporin biomarkers in RC.

The present research work was focused on the development and characterization of a dye conjugated cyclodextrin-based miniaturized system for impregnation on Whatman filter paper to identify RC using AQP1 biomarker present in urine samples.

It was observed that the test strip dipped into the urine sample, and the yellow color intensity increased with a decrease in AQP1 concentration due to the transformation of the dye system of free basic form into bound acidic form. The Hue-Saturation-Value profiling was used to observe the effect of color change using a smartphone application. The paper strip-based urine analysis system is highly sensitive for the detection of AQP1 in the range of 10 to 1,000 ng.

The successful validation indicated that this biosensor is likely to contribute to the development of point-of-care, novel, personalized diagnostics and ensure prolonged survival of RC patients in the near future.

Cotton fabric bearing β-cyclodextrin and cationic moieties were prepared using different techniques and reaction conditions. Monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin (R-CD) and 3-chloro- 2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (Quat-188) were employed to introduce the cyclodextrin ring and cationic group respectively to cotton cellulose. The first reaction technique that was studied involved the reaction of cotton fabric with R-CD, followed by the cationization of the treated fabric with Quat-188. In the second technique, cationized cotton fabric was allowed to react with R-CD. In the third technique, cotton fabric was reacted with RCD and Quat-188 simultaneously in one step. The factors affecting the extent of the reaction in each technique were investigated, including the concentration of alkali, the reaction temperature, the duration of the reaction, as well as the R-CD and Quat-188 concentrations. The extent of the reaction was monitored to determine the nitrogen content. The results obtained revealed that treating the cotton fabric with R-CD and Quat-188 causes the cotton fabric to have R-CD rings and that cationic group depends on the sequence of processes and reaction conditions. It was found that, at the same Quat-188 and R-CD concentrations, cationized cotton fabric display higher reaction efficiency with R-CD than that reported when R-CD treated cotton fabric was cationized using Quat-188. Moreover, no alkali is required to achieve the reaction between R-CD and pre-cationized cotton fabric, while the reaction of both R-CD and Quat-188 with cotton fabric requires the use of 30 g/l Na₂CO₃ and 35 g/l NaOH, respectively.

An alternative approach is used to cure glyoxal/β-cyclodextrin treated cotton fabric to impart a crease resistance finish. Low microwave power (200 w) for 2 min of curing time is sufficient to impart a high crease recovery angle to the fabric. Comparisons have been made for conventional/and microwave cured cotton fabric with glyoxal in the absence and presence of β-cyclodextrin. The crosslinking efficiency in conventional and microwave cured samples is evaluated on the basis of the crease recovery angle, tensile strength and elongation. The ability of β -cyclodextrin to include hydrophobic molecules, such as fragrances and antimicrobial agents (Tinosan^®) can be explored to produce new cotton fabric with unique performances. The physicochemical properties and performance of the untreated and treated fabrics are evaluated with crease recovery angles that reach about 260° and tensile strength of 42 kg, in which perfumed and antimicrobial finishings are evaluated. The modified cotton fabric is characterized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), and β-cyclodextrin inclusion with Tinosan^® improves with a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum.

Linear electron beam radiation has been used to induce irradiation grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), glycidyl methacrylate/β-cyclodextrin (GMA/β-CD), and glycidyl methacrylate/monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin (GMA/MCT-β-CD) onto cotton fabrics. The effect of radiation dose, GMA concentration and CDs concentration on graft yield, epoxide content and the bonded amount of CDs was investigated. Results obtained reveal that the amount of CDs bonded within the fabric; the add-on and the epoxide content are directly related to the CDs concentration, GMA concentration and the irradiation dose. Graft yield and epoxide content increase with the increase of radiation dose to a certain extent, and they decrease due to degradation of GMA at higher irradiation doses. Results also reveal that although the bonded amount of CDs is nearly proportional to the concentration of CDs in the treatment solution, the accessibility ratio of CDs decreases with increasing CDs concentration. Treatment of fabrics grafted with GMA (Cell-g-GMA) and GMA/CDs mixtures (Cell-g-GMA/CDs) in a sequel step with the corresponding CDs increases the amounts of CDs fixed onto the fabrics, while epoxide content decreases. The treatment of the cotton fabrics with GMA and CDs was established on the basis of spectral data studies.

Glycidyl methacrylate/monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin mixture (GMA/MCT-β-CD) is grafted onto cotton fabric by an irradiation technique that uses linear electron beam radiation for initiating the grafting reaction. The obtained grafted fabric (cell-g-GMA/MCT-β-CD) is loaded with chlorohexidin diacetate (an antimicrobial agent) and subjected to several washing cycles. Grafted cotton fabrics (before and after loading with the antimicrobial agent) and control cotton fabrics are characterized for antimicrobial activity against different kinds of bacteria and fungi by using the diffusion disk method.

Grafted fabrics that are loaded with an antimicrobial agent show very good antimicrobial activity in comparison with control and grafted fabrics which are not loaded with an antimicrobial agent. The results in this study also demonstrate that GMA/MCT-β-CD grafted fabrics that are loaded with an antimicrobial agent retain a good deal of their antimicrobial activity after five washings. Good retention of antimicrobial activity is due to the cavities that are present in the cyclodextrin moieties which are used to host and keep the antimicrobial agent.

This study aims to develop an electrochemical sensor for the detection of benzophenone (BP) as an alternative to conventional techniques that are known, expensive, complex and less sensitive.

The developed sensor is a platinum electrode modified with a plasticized polymer film based on ß-cyclodextrin, using PVC as the polymer, PEG as the plasticizer and ß-CD as the ionophore. This sensor is characterized by various techniques, such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. This latter is also used for analyzing kinetic processes at the electrode/electrolyte interface and to evaluate the selectivity and sensitivity of the sensor.

The results highlight the performance of our sensor. In fact, it exhibits a linear response extending from 10⁻¹⁹ to 10⁻¹³ M, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9836. What is more, it has an excellent detection limit of 10⁻¹⁹ M and a good sensitivity of 21.24 µA/M.

The results of this investigation demonstrated that the developed sensor is an analytical tool of choice for the monitoring of BP in the aqueous phase. The suggested sensor is fast, simple, reproducible and inexpensive.

The purpose of this study is the chemical grafting of β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) onto silk fabrics by the use of butane tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as a crosslinking agent and nano-TiO₂ (NTO) as a catalyst. The effects of different parameters involved in this particular process, e.g. β-CD, BTCA and NTO concentrations, are examined using the artificial neural network (ANN). The method is evaluated for its ability to predict certain properties of treated fabrics, including grafting yield, dry crease recovery angle (DCRA) and wet crease recovery angle (WCRA), tensile strength, elongation at break and methylene blue dye absorption.

This study was conducted to describe the cross-linking of silk with 1,2,3,4-BTCA as a crosslinking agent in a wet state at low temperatures using NTO catalyst to improve the dry and wet wrinkle recovery (DCRA and WCRA) of silk fabrics. An ANN was also used to model and analyze the effects of BTCA, β-CD and NTO concentrations on the grafting percentage and some properties of the treated samples.

According to the results, the wet and dry wrinkle recovery of the silk fabrics was improved for about 38% and 11%, respectively, as compared to the non-cross-linked fabrics, without significantly affecting the tensile strength retention of the fabrics.

This research model and analyze the effects of BTCA, β-CD and NTO concentrations on the grafting percentage and some properties of the treated samples for the first time.

A new electrochemical analysis based on ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) was developed for penicillin V (Peni-V) using polyaniline as a conducting polymer.

The preparation of modified electrode involves the incorporation of β-CD with membrane of polyaniline. Polyaniline, incorporating β-CD, was prepared by electrochemical polymerization method in a medium of hypochloride. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance have been used to characterize this sensor. The detection and the kinetic study of modified platinum electrode are evaluated.

Results clearly indicate that β-CDs interfere with the polymerization mechanism with an inhibition factor. The inclusion phenomenon of β-CDs has been studied and applied to detect Peni-V. The principle of this electrochemical sensor is based on the chemical properties of β-CD, which were studied using the cyclic voltammetric method and impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of Peni-V at concentrations between 10^–8 and 10^–2 M was measured versus Ag/AgCl at pH 7.4 and 30°C in a phosphate alkaline buffer. Relationship of Peni-V concentration in logarithmic mathematical form with current in potentiometric method and with resistance in impedimetric method were obtained.

The present study showed that the Pt electrode modified with Polyaniline–β-CD was an excellent candidate for sensitive penicillin analysis. The proposed electroanalytical technique is rapid, simple and inexpensive.