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Linear electron beam radiation has been used to induce irradiation grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), glycidyl methacrylate/β-cyclodextrin (GMA/β-CD), and glycidyl methacrylate/monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin (GMA/MCT-β-CD) onto cotton fabrics. The effect of radiation dose, GMA concentration and CDs concentration on graft yield, epoxide content and the bonded amount of CDs was investigated. Results obtained reveal that the amount of CDs bonded within the fabric; the add-on and the epoxide content are directly related to the CDs concentration, GMA concentration and the irradiation dose. Graft yield and epoxide content increase with the increase of radiation dose to a certain extent, and they decrease due to degradation of GMA at higher irradiation doses. Results also reveal that although the bonded amount of CDs is nearly proportional to the concentration of CDs in the treatment solution, the accessibility ratio of CDs decreases with increasing CDs concentration. Treatment of fabrics grafted with GMA (Cell-g-GMA) and GMA/CDs mixtures (Cell-g-GMA/CDs) in a sequel step with the corresponding CDs increases the amounts of CDs fixed onto the fabrics, while epoxide content decreases. The treatment of the cotton fabrics with GMA and CDs was established on the basis of spectral data studies.

Glycidyl methacrylate/monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin mixture (GMA/MCT-β-CD) is grafted onto cotton fabric by an irradiation technique that uses linear electron beam radiation for initiating the grafting reaction. The obtained grafted fabric (cell-g-GMA/MCT-β-CD) is loaded with chlorohexidin diacetate (an antimicrobial agent) and subjected to several washing cycles. Grafted cotton fabrics (before and after loading with the antimicrobial agent) and control cotton fabrics are characterized for antimicrobial activity against different kinds of bacteria and fungi by using the diffusion disk method.

Grafted fabrics that are loaded with an antimicrobial agent show very good antimicrobial activity in comparison with control and grafted fabrics which are not loaded with an antimicrobial agent. The results in this study also demonstrate that GMA/MCT-β-CD grafted fabrics that are loaded with an antimicrobial agent retain a good deal of their antimicrobial activity after five washings. Good retention of antimicrobial activity is due to the cavities that are present in the cyclodextrin moieties which are used to host and keep the antimicrobial agent.

Although cure of paint coatings by radiation is no new phenomenon, there is considerable increased interest in development of industrial processes using radiation curing for a variety of reasons. Before studying the developments in detail, it is worth noting that radiated energy can basically be divided into two categories. In the first category we have ionising radiation which for our purposes includes electromagnetic radiation of wave lengths less than visible light and also accelerated electrons. In the second category is radiation, which is essentially thermal in its effect ranging from infra red through to microwave and radio frequency. The use of these longer wave length radiations, whose effect is essentially thermal, will not be discussed in detail since all coatings which can be cured in normal high temperature ovens are basically capable of cure with such methods. It is worth noting however, that improvement in the design of infra red lamps with peak radiation in the near infra red at around 1200 nanometers has led to speed up in infra red curing which has been particularly useful in cure of alkyd‐amino finishes on heat sensitive substrates such as wood. There is also developing interest in high frequency long wave length radiation, particularly in the area usually referred to as microwave. Here we have penetrative radiation which produces heat effects by what is sometimes referred to as molecular friction. The conversion of the microwave energy into heat depends on the loss factor of the material in question and so the process is most efficient with polar materials such as water. The most likely use of microwave heating is with water based coatings on substrates which will not themselves heat up rapidly, such as non‐polar plastic films.

Electron beam is a way of radiation that can induce different reactions on polymers. The purpose of this work is to analyze the effect that the electron beam can produce on polyester fabrics.

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibres were treated at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 KGy. Later on surface modification was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Colorimetric and thermal measurements were studied too, as well as traction resistance.

Traction resistance showed no significant variations. As a result the authors could observe some changes in fabric witnesses and cristallinity increase, but no changes in traction resistance were observed. Moreover, when surface was studied, roughness was increased as oligomers moved towards fibre surface because of radiation dose.

The authors could appreciate roughness increased with radiation dose as well as yellowness and crystallinity.

This paper aims to study the resulting Brag peak and secondary particles (neutrons, photons, deuterons, alpha, helium_3, and tritons) along protons’ path in tissue.

MATLAB program and MCNP code were used to read abdomen Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images and build a 3D phantom to liver in purpose to study resulting Bragg peak and secondary particles (neutrons, photons, deuterons, alpha, helium_3 and tritons) along protons’ path.

From the study, it was found that Bragg peak varies from a 2 cm depth within the tissue for 50 MeV protons to a 14.2 cm depth for 150 MeV protons; in the other hand, the total deposited energy decreases from 0.656 [MeV/g]/proton, at the depth 2 cm and 50 MeV protons, to the value 0.220 [MeV/g]/proton, at the depth 14 cm and 150 MeV protons.

As for the flow rate of secondary neutrons and photons, the flow rate of secondary neutrons takes a maximum value (peak) in the middle of the proton path, i.e. when the energy of the protons drops to the value of 30 MeV, and this maximum value of the neutrons flow rate is accompanied by a maximum value of the photon flow rate, as for the rest of the secondary particles produced (alpha particles, deuterons, electrons, tritons and triple helium), they deposit most of their energy locally.

Urethane Acrylate Oligomer with 100% solids was synthesised and characterised in order to study the application in electron beam curing with varying ratio of Trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA). The purpose of this paper is to study effect of TMPTA addition on the crosslink density and different coating properties.

Polyester polyol was synthesised by reacting single diacid, adipic acid (AA), with Pentaerythritol (PENTA) and 1,6‐hexanediol (HD). Further, Urethane acrylate resin was synthesised by using Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), hydroxy ethyl acrylate (HEA) and Polyester polyol. The polyester polyol and urethane acrylate oligomer were characterised by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR and GPC. Further, TMPTA was added as a crosslinker to the urethane acrylate oligomer and cured by electron beam radiation. The cured UA films having varying concentration of TMPTA were employed to evaluate thermal property, contact angle analysis, mechanical and chemical properties.

The obtained results showed improvement in their chemical properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties and water contact angle at 20% of TMPTA iconcentration. The TMPTA also reduced the dose required for the curing.

The resin can be synthesised from different isocyanates as TDI, MDI and HMDI, etc. The study can also be done with different multi or mono functional monomers such as methacrylate, hexanediol diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, etc.

The paper provides the better solution to reduce the cost of the electron beam radiation required for the curing.

The method presented in the paper could be very useful for controlling environmental pollution; as the conventional method of curing releases volatile organic compounds (VOC).

In this paper, urethane acrylate and TMTPA cured with electron beam are shown to offer good coating properties. A high‐solid urethane acrylate coating would find numerous industrial applications in surface coatings.

Although the technique of electron curing has been well developed, there are very few suitable coatings available.

This paper presents an overview of the x‐ray guided robotic radiosurgery system that has been developed for the ablation of solid tumors. A robot‐mounted linear accelerator is directed through a sequence of positions and orientations designed to deliver high radiation dosages focused at a specific location. Patient movement during treatment is identified by stereo x‐ray measurements and the robotic system adjusts the linear accelerator prior to the delivery of radiation at each location. The result is accurate delivery without rigid fixation of the tumor relative to the treatment system.

The purpose of this paper is to fabricate cellular Ti6Al4V with carbon nanotube (CNT)-like structures by selective electron beam melting and study the resultant mechanical properties based on each respective geometry to provide fundamental information for optimizing molecular architectures and predicting the mechanical properties of cellular solids.

Cellular Ti6Al4V with CNT-like zigzag and armchair structures are fabricated by selected electron beam melting. The microstructures and mechanical properties of these samples are evaluated utilizing scanning electron microscopy, synchrotron radiation X-ray and compressive tests.

The mechanical properties of the cellular solids depend on the geometry of strut architectures. The armchair-structured Ti6Al4V samples exhibit Young’s modulus from 501.10 to 707.60 MPa and compressive strength from 8.73 to 13.45 MPa. The zigzag structured samples demonstrate Young’s modulus from 548.19 to 829.58 MPa and compressive strength from 9.32 to 16.21 MPa. The results suggest that the zigzag structure of the Ti6Al4V cellular solids can achieve improved mechanical properties and the mechanism for the enhanced mechanical properties in the zigzag structures was revealed.

The results provide an innovative example for modulating the mechanical properties of cellular titanium by adjusting the unit cell geometry. The Ti6Al4V cellular solids with single-walled CNT-like structures could be used as light-weight construction components or filters in industries. The Ti6Al4V with multiwalled CNT-like structures could be used as new scaffolds for biomedical applications.

The purpose of this paper is to present a 3D model of deep welding of dissimilar metals and to show how to model the electron beam deflection due to thermoelectric fields caused by temperature gradients in some dissimilar metals (Seebeck effect).

A 3D thermoelectric and heat conduction model is used to estimate the deflection of the electron beam used during welding of dissimilar metals. A weak coupling between analysed fields is assembled. Additionally, the influence of the deflection on the calculated fields was not taken into account. The problem is solved using a finite element method.

It is possible to model Seebeck effect in a relative simple way using the finite element approach.

The paper presents a detailed description of modelling procedure of a complex coupled field problem.