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Article
Publication date: 27 July 2012

Structural and impedance spectroscopy study of Al‐doped ZnO nanorods grown by sol‐gel method

Muhammad Kashif, Uda Hashim, Eaqub Ali, Ala'eddin A. Saif, Syed Muhammad Usman Ali and Magnus Willander

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the electrical transport mechanism of the Al‐doped ZnO nanorods at different temperatures by employing impedance spectroscopy.

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the electrical transport mechanism of the Al‐doped ZnO nanorods at different temperatures by employing impedance spectroscopy.

Design/methodology/approach

Al‐doped ZnO nanorods were grown on silicon substrate using step sol‐gel method. For the seed solution preparation Zinc acetate dihydrate, 2‐methoxyethanol, monoethanolamine and aluminum nitrite nano‐hydrate were used as a solute, solvent, stabilizer and dopant, respectively. Prior to the deposition, P‐type Si (100) wafer was cut into pieces of 1 cm×2 cm. The samples were then cleaned in an ultrasonic bath with acetone, ethanol, and de‐ionized (DI) water for 5 min. The prepared seed solution was coated on silicon substrate using spin coater at spinning speed of 3000 rpm for 30 s and then dried at 250°C for 10 min followed by annealing at 550°C for 1 h. The hydrothermal growth was carried out in a solution of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (0.025M), Hexamethyltetramine (0.025M) in DI water.

Findings

Al‐doped ZnO nanorods were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and impedance spectroscopy. The impedance measurements were carried out at various temperatures (100°C‐325°C). The impedance results showed that temperature has great influence on the impedance; the impedance value decreased as the temperature increased. This decrement is attributed to the increase of the mobility of the defects, especially the oxygen vacancies. The surface morphology of the samples was measured by SEM and X‐ray diffraction. The SEM images show that the high density of Al‐doped ZnO nanorods covers the silicon substrate, whereas the XRD pattern shows the (002) crystal orientation.

Originality/value

This paper demonstrates the electron transport mechanism of Al‐doped ZnO nanorods, at different temperatures, to understand the charge transport model.

Details

Microelectronics International, vol. 29 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13565361211252872
ISSN: 1356-5362

Keywords

  • Microelectronics
  • Electrical impedance
  • Temperature
  • Sol‐gel
  • Nanorods
  • Impedance
  • ZnO

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Article
Publication date: 2 November 2012

Cyclic analysis of thermal impedance of a passive layer of aluminium in a neutral borate buffer solution

Stefan Krakowiak, Kazimierz Darowicki and Kacper Jurak

The purpose of this paper is to examine the passive layer on 1050A aluminium alloy in non‐stationary conditions of linearly raised and lowered temperatures by means of…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the passive layer on 1050A aluminium alloy in non‐stationary conditions of linearly raised and lowered temperatures by means of dynamic electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy (DEIS).

Design/methodology/approach

The oxide passive layer on aluminium was examined using DEIS under non‐stationary conditions of linearly raised and lowered temperatures. In total, five heating‐cooling cycles were performed.

Findings

A significant change of impedance was observed only during the first cycle, which was called the forming one. During the subsequent cycles, the impedance of the system changed in a reversible manner.

Originality/value

The analysis using a equivalent circuit allowed us to determine a change of electric parameters of the circuit in the temperature function. Obtained changes of the electric parameters were correlated with layer structure.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 59 no. 6
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00035591211274398
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

  • Alloys
  • Electrical impedance
  • Oxides
  • Aluminium
  • Cyclic thermametry
  • Dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

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Article
Publication date: 6 June 2016

AFM-assisted investigation of conformal coatings in electronics

Michal Szocinski

This paper aims to presents a new method of investigation of local properties of conformal coatings utilized in microelectronics.

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to presents a new method of investigation of local properties of conformal coatings utilized in microelectronics.

Design/methodology/approach

It is based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique supplemented with the ability of local electrical measurements, which apart from topography acquisition allows recording of local impedance spectra, impedance imaging and dc current mapping. Potentialities of the proposed AFM-assisted approach have been demonstrated on commercially available epoxy-coated electronic printed boards in as-received state and after six-year service.

Findings

The technique proved to be capable of identification, spatial localization and characterization of conformal coating defects.

Practical implications

The proposed approach can be utilized for assessment of protective film state in such demanding fields as electronics or electrotechnics where the classical techniques of anticorrosion coatings investigation cannot be employed due to small element dimensions and relatively low coating thickness.

Originality/value

The approach adopted by the author is novel in the field of organic coatings investigation.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 63 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ACMM-09-2014-1426
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

  • Corrosion
  • Microscopy
  • Degradation
  • Coatings and linings
  • Electronics

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Article
Publication date: 23 October 2015

Fabrication and characterization of CuPc and PCBM based organic solar cell with metal interlayer

Muhammad Ahsan Naveed, A. Hussain, K. Islam and P. Akhter

Organic solar cells have potential as an alternative to conventional inorganic solar cell due to low processing cost, flexibility and easy fabrication technique.The goal…

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Abstract

Organic solar cells have potential as an alternative to conventional inorganic solar cell due to low processing cost, flexibility and easy fabrication technique.

The goal of this paper is to study the characteristics of the CuPc and PCBM based organic solar cell by introducing a thin layer of Ag at the interface of donor (CuPc) and Acceptor (PCBM), their photovoltaic and optical properties were investigated. The heterojunction solar cells with and without silver inter layer were fabricated through thermal deposition in HR vacuum. The OPV solar cells were characterized using current-voltage graphs, absorbance spectrum and Impedance spectroscopy. Impedance spectroscopy was taken to identify the traps using series resistance, parallel resistance, and Impedance spectrums under different frequencies. Optical behaviors of these devices have been investigated with absorbance spectrum.

Introducing Ag to interfacing point produced traps and these traps causes to decreased Voc, Isc, FF, and efficiency. The effect of silver layer at donor acceptor interface was studied.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 12 no. 5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.12.5.413
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

  • Organic materials
  • Fabrication techniques
  • Kethly source meter
  • Glove box
  • UV spectrum
  • Impedance spectroscopy

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Article
Publication date: 3 September 2018

Enhancement of corrosion resistance of mild steel in NaCl solution with an eco-friendly silane coating containing nanoclay and zinc acetylacetonate

M. Taheri, Reza Naderi and Mohamad Mahdavian

This paper aims to enhance the barrier properties and active protection of a water-based silane coating on mild steel through nanoclay and zinc acetylacetonate…

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to enhance the barrier properties and active protection of a water-based silane coating on mild steel through nanoclay and zinc acetylacetonate simultaneously included into the formulation.

Design/methodology/approach

The corrosion protection performance of the silane sol-gel coatings with no additive, zinc acetylacetonate, nanoclay and nanoclay + zinc acetylacetonate was monitored using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy during 5 h of immersion in a sodium chloride solution. Moreover, the surface of coatings was analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (FESEM-EDX) and water contact angle measurements.

Findings

In electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis, the impedance at low frequencies, coating resistance and charge transfer resistance were the parameters considered which indicated the superiority of silane coating formulated with both nanoclay and zinc acetylacetonate. According to the results of FESEM/EDX and water contact angle measurements, the superiority was linked with the enhancement in the barrier properties in the presence of nanoclay, as well as function of the corrosion inhibitor at coating–substrate interface.

Originality/value

According to the literature, there is no research conducted to study the impact of the simultaneous use of nanoclay and zinc acetylacetonate on the barrier properties and active protection of an eco-friendly silane sol-gel coating including glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane and methyltriethoxysilane on mild steel in a sodium chloride solution.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 47 no. 5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PRT-12-2017-0108
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

  • Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
  • Surface analysis
  • Corrosion inhibitors
  • Corrosion protection
  • Mild steel
  • Nanoclay
  • Silane film

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Article
Publication date: 6 January 2012

Effect of heating on the performance of anticorrosive coatings

M. Estefanía Angeles, Francisco Rodríguez and Carlos Magaña

When coatings are applied to industrial equipment, they have to be able to stand the heat produced by solar energy and/or by different conditions on the process…

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Abstract

Purpose

When coatings are applied to industrial equipment, they have to be able to stand the heat produced by solar energy and/or by different conditions on the process. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study the effect of temperature on the protective properties of coatings since this parameter degrades the polymer structure. In addition, the temperature effects on dry coating can also be specified.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to know the behaviour of an organic coating at different temperatures, a drying aging cycle was performed by heating on substrate steel and free‐of‐substrate films during ten uninterrupted days at three and different temperatures: 65, 85 and 100°C. At the end of this period, the aged films were analyzed by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, thermal analysis (DSC and TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM).

Findings

The most critical temperature for the aging was 85°C and “over‐cured” phenomenon were observed on the aged films which were reported by EIS, thermal and IR analyses.

Practical Implications

These aging conditions were tested on a very strong and rigid resin containing a barrier pigment. Thus, it can also be applied to other plastic coatings, such as vinyl or alkyd ones, by modifying the temperatures according to glass transition temperature (Tg), as well as the ageing time depending on the hardness and resistance of such coatings and, of course, the protective effect of the pigment. In addition, another aggressive electrolyte, such as synthetic sea water, chloride, sulphide media, as well as inhibitors or ecological pigments could be used in order to predict its behaviour in different corrosive media.

Originality/value

The value of this work is on the specific temperatures used for the aging method applied to a rigid resin which revealed the over‐cured phenomena and the behaviour of the pigment; so if it is applied to a more plastic and flexible coating, it may reveal other phenomena and promote other kind of degradation, maybe even more aggressive ones.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 41 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03699421211192271
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

  • Coatings
  • Corrosion protection
  • Epoxy resins
  • Heating
  • Impedance
  • Dry aging

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Article
Publication date: 1 October 2005

Influence of 1‐methyl 2‐mercapto imidazole on corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in 0.5 M H2SO4

O. Benali, L. Larabi, B. Tabti and Y. Harek

To evaluate the inhibition efficiency of 1‐methyl 2‐mercapto imidazole (MMI) in controlling the corrosion of carbon steel in sulphuric acid and to study its action mechanism.

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Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the inhibition efficiency of 1‐methyl 2‐mercapto imidazole (MMI) in controlling the corrosion of carbon steel in sulphuric acid and to study its action mechanism.

Design/methodology/approach

The effect of concentration, immersion time and temperature on the behaviour of this inhibitor has been studied using weight loss, d.c. polarisation and a.c. polarisation techniques.

Findings

The results show that MMI is a mixed type inhibitor. Changes in impedance parameters (charge transfer resistance, Rt; and double layer capacitance, Cdl) were indicative of adsorption of MMI on the metal surface, leading to the formation of a protective film that grew with the increasing exposure time. Adsorption of MMI on the carbon steel is found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The inhibition efficiency of MMI is temperature‐independent and its addition leads to a small increase in activation corrosion energy.

Research limitations/implications

Surface analytical techniques such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger spectroscopy can enlighten more on the mechanism of corrosion inhibition.

Originality/value

A survey of literature has shown that no work using electrochemical techniques has yet been done on MMI as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in sulfuric acid.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 52 no. 5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00035590510615776
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

  • Corrosion protection
  • Steel
  • Adhesion
  • Acids

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Article
Publication date: 2 September 2019

Low-power electrical impedance tomography spectroscopy

Juliana Padilha Leitzke and Hubert Zangl

This paper aims to present an approach based on electrical impedance tomography spectroscopy (EITS) for the determination of water and ice fraction in low-power…

Open Access
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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to present an approach based on electrical impedance tomography spectroscopy (EITS) for the determination of water and ice fraction in low-power applications such as autarkic wireless sensors, which require a low computational complexity reconstruction approach and a low number of electrodes. This paper also investigates how the electrode design can affect the reconstruction results in tomography.

Design/methodology/approach

EITS is performed by using a non-iterative method called optimal first order approximation. In addition to that, a planar electrode geometry is used instead of the traditional circular electrode geometry. Such a structure allows the system to identify materials placed on the region above the sensor, which do not need to be confined in a pipe. For the optimization, the mean squared error (MSE) between the reference images and the obtained reconstructed images was calculated.

Findings

The authors demonstrate that even with a low number of four electrodes and a low complexity reconstruction algorithm, a reasonable reconstruction of water and ice fractions is possible. Furthermore, it is shown that an optimal distribution of the sensor electrodes can help to reduce the MSE without any costs in terms of computational complexity or power consumption.

Originality/value

This paper shows through simulations that the reconstruction of ice and water mixtures is possible and that the electrode design is a topic of great importance, as they can significantly affect the reconstruction results.

Details

COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering , vol. 38 no. 5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/COMPEL-12-2018-0530
ISSN: 0332-1649

Keywords

  • EITS
  • Multi-frequency EIT

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Article
Publication date: 8 May 2018

Assessment on external corrosion rates for API pipeline steels exposed to acidic sand-clay soil

L.M. Quej-Ake, A. Contreras, H.B Liu, J.L. Alamilla and E. Sosa

The purpose of this paper is to study the susceptibility to corrosion processes of X60, X65 and X70 steels immersed in sand-clay soil with pH 3.0, using electrochemical…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the susceptibility to corrosion processes of X60, X65 and X70 steels immersed in sand-clay soil with pH 3.0, using electrochemical techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Design/methodology/approach

Natural acidic soil sample was collected as close as possible to buried pipes (1.2 m in depth) in a Right of Way from south of Mexico. Both steels and soil were characterized through SEM and XRD. Then, open circuit potential was recorded for all steels exposed to soil at different exposure times. Thus, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was traced, and anodic polarization curves were obtained.

Findings

The steel corrosion processes started when the active sites were exposed to natural acidic soil. However, corrosion rates decreased for three steels as immersion time increased, obtaining the highest corrosion rate for X60 steel (0.46 mm/year for 5 h). This behavior could be attributed to corrosion products obtained at different exposure times. While, 5 h after removing corrosion products, X65 steel was more susceptible to corrosion (1.29 mm/year), which was corroborated with EIS analysis. Thus, corrosion products for the three steels exposed to natural acidic soil depended on different microstructures, percentage of pearlite and ferrite phases, in which different corrosion processes could occur. Therefore, the active sites for carbon steel surfaces could be passivated with corrosion products.

Practical implications

The paper identifies the any implication for the research.

Originality/value

Some anodic peaks could be caused by metallic dissolution and was recorded using high positive polarization (high field of perturbation). In addition, the inductive effects and diffusion process were interpreted at low frequency ranges using EIS. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD), acidic soil had Muscovite containing aluminum and iron phases that were able to generate hydrogen proton at the presence of water; it might be promoted at the beginning of deterioration on low carbon steels. Steel surface cleaning after removing corrosion products was considered to study the possible diffusion phenomena on damaged steel surfaces using EIS.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 65 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ACMM-12-2017-1874
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

  • Physicochemical properties
  • Corrosion rate
  • Acidic soil
  • Pipeline steel
  • Polarization curves

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Article
Publication date: 7 March 2016

Effect of metal ions on the anti-corrosion properties of γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane coatings on cold-rolled iron

Shengsong Ge, Menglong Li, Qian Shao, Ke Liu, Junxiang Wang and Fengjiao Yi

This paper aims to clarify the effect of metal ions added in the γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-GPS) solutions on the anti-corrosion properties of the γ-GPS coatings…

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to clarify the effect of metal ions added in the γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-GPS) solutions on the anti-corrosion properties of the γ-GPS coatings on cold-rolled iron (CRI).

Design/methodology/approach

The transformations of functional groups involved in reactions during the coating process were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the thickness of the γ-GPS coatings on the CRI substrates was measured using high-powered microscopy. The anti-corrosion properties of γ-GPS-treated samples were evaluated by neutral salt spray tests, polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements.

Findings

The results show that Zn2+ and Mg2+ in the γ-GPS solutions promote the formation of Si-O-Si and Si-O-Fe bonds and improve the anti-corrosion properties of the γ-GPS coatings on CRI. However, Al3+ and Na+ in the γ-GPS solutions do not play this role.

Originality/value

Although there have been previous research studies on the γ-GPS coatings on CRI, this paper is the first to study the effect of metal ions added in the silane solutions on the anti-corrosion properties of the γ-GPS coatings, and it has been confirmed that the anti-corrosion properties changed when Zn2+ (or Mg2+) is present.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 63 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ACMM-08-2014-1424
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

  • Corrosion
  • Surface preparation
  • Research

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