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The present paper seeks to report the effect of duration of rubbing on friction coefficient for different polymer and composite materials. Variations of friction coefficient and wear rate with the normal load are also investigated experimentally when stainless steel (SS 304) pin slides on different types of materials such as cloth‐reinforced ebonite (commercially known as gear fiber), glass fiber‐reinforced plastic (glass fiber), nylon and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

A pin on disc apparatus is designed and fabricated. During experiment, the rpm of test samples was kept constant and relative humidity was 70 percent.

Studies have shown that the values of friction coefficient depend on applied load and duration of rubbing. It is observed that the values of friction coefficient decrease with the increase of normal load for glass fiber, nylon and PTFE. Different trend is observed for gear fiber, i.e. coefficient of friction increases with the increase of normal load. It is also found that wear rate increases with the increase of normal load for all the materials. The magnitudes of friction coefficient and wear rate are different for different materials.

It is expected that the applications of these results will contribute to the design of different mechanical components of these materials.

Within the observed range of applied normal load, the relative friction coefficient and wear rate of gear fiber, glass fiber, nylon and PTFE are experimentally investigated.

Water-lubricated rubber bearing is one of the most appropriate bearings for underwater use. The most popular design used widely today is the straight fluted rubber bearing. The special configuration leads to partial hydrodynamic lubrication and low load capacity. A new bearing bush structure with two cavities which is favorable for constructing continuous hydrodynamic lubrication was designed and studied. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

A new bearing bush structure with two cavities which is favorable for constructing continuous hydrodynamic lubrication was designed. The apparatus for studying the tribological behaviors of the two types of water-lubricated rubber bearings has been devised and established in the paper. The experimental studies on the tribological properties of the rubber bearings have been conducted under different loads and velocities. The eccentricity ratio of the new structure rubber bearing with two cavities was measured in experiment and the load capacity was calculated by numerical simulation.

The experimental results show that the friction coefficient decreases with increasing velocity; the friction coefficient increases sharply with the rising temperature, the friction coefficient increases at first and then decreases with increasing load for fluted rubber bearings. The numerical results were in good agreement with the experimental results. The numerical results show that complete hydrodynamic lubrication can be formed in the new designed rubber bearing with two cavities. The experimental and numerical results all indicate that there is an appropriate bearing clearance which the friction coefficient is minimum and the load capacity is maximum.

A new bearing bush structure with two cavities which is beneficial to constructing continuous hydrodynamic lubrication film was designed. A new apparatus for studying the tribological behaviors of the two types of water-lubricated rubber bearings has been devised and established. Experimental and numerical study on the new structure rubber bearing were conducted in the paper.

The purpose of this paper is to improve the environment and save energy, friction reduction, lower oil consumption and emissions demand that are the chief objectives of the automotive industry. The piston system is the largest frictional loss source, which accounts for about 40 per cent of the total frictional loss in engine. In this paper, the reciprocating tribometer, which is updated, was used to evaluate the friction and wear performances.

An alternate method is introduced to investigate the effect of reciprocating speed, normal load, oil pump speed and ring sample and oil temperature on friction coefficient with the ring/liner of a typical inline diesel engine. The orthogonal experiment is designed to identify the factors that dominate wear behavior. To understand the correlations between friction coefficients and wear well, different friction coefficient results were compared and explained by oil film build-up and asperity contact theory, such as the friction coefficient over a long period and averaged the friction coefficient over one revolution.

The friction coefficient changes little but fluctuates with a small amplitude in the stable stage. The sudden change of frequency, load and stroke will lead to the oil film rupture. The identification for the factors that dominates the wear loss is ranged as F (ring sample) > , E (oil sample) > , B (stroke) > , D (temperature) > , A (load) > , G (liner) > and C (frequency).

This paper develops and verifies a methodology capable of mimicking the real engine behavior at boundary and mixed lubrication regimes which can minimize frictional losses, wear, reduce much work for the experiment and reduce the cost. The originality of the work is well qualified, as very few papers on a similar analysis have been published, such as: The friction coefficient values fluctuating in the whole stage may be caused by the vibration of the system; suddenly, boundary alternation may help the oil film to form the lubrication; and weight loss mainly comes from the contribution of the friction coefficient value fluctuation. The paper also found that the statistics can gain more information from less experiment time based on a design of experiment.

The effect of the load on the tribological properties of Si₃N₄-hBN sliding against Si₃N₄ were investigated under dry and water lubrication condition.

Using a MMU-5G type pin-on-disc friction and wear tester.

Under the dry friction, the wear mechanism was dominated by ploughing and abrasive wear, and the contact status was elastic contact under the load less than 25 N. With the increase of the load, the friction coefficient decreased; the main wear mechanism was fatigue fracture, and the contact status turned into plastic contact. Under water lubrication, effective lubrication film could be produced on the worn surface, and it had a function of fluid lubrication under the load less than 15 N. With the increase of the load, the pin and the disc came into direct contact, and the friction and wear of the pairs were aggravated; the wear mechanism changed from chemical wear into abrasive wear and brittle spalling.

The study on the effect of the load on the tribological properties of Si₃N₄-hBN sliding against Si₃N₄ was investigated under dry and water lubrication condition in the way of contact stress.

The research purpose of this paper is to obtain a transition process of lubrication condition of water-lubricated rubber bearing (WLRB) by investigating Stribeck curve of WLRB with either straight grooves or spiral grooves using a comparison experiment and providing guidance for structure optimization and application extension of WLRB.

This study tested the Stribeck curve of WLRB with either straight or spiral grooves using a comparison experiment; the variables used are rotary speed and external load.

Stribeck curves of WLRB with straight or spiral grooves under varied load are obtained with the experiments, and the speed turning points when the lubrication condition of WLRB transit are acquired. Research results indicate that the transition of the speed turning point for lubrication condition of WLRB with spiral grooves is smaller than that of WLRB with straight grooves. Besides, it was found that within the whole speed range, the friction coefficient of WLRB with straight grooves decreases with the increase in load under the same speed. However, Stribeck curves of WLRB with spiral grooves show that the coefficient increases first and then decreases with the increase in load and finally comes to a steady value. Under the same rotary speed and external load, the friction coefficient of WLRB with spiral grooves is smaller than that of WLRB with straight grooves, claiming that the WLRB with spiral grooves has better lubrication properties.

By testing the Stribeck curve of WLRB with straight grooves or spiral grooves using the comparison experiment, lubrication properties of the WLRB are obtained. The transition mechanism of the lubrication condition for WLRB is acquired, revealing the effects of speed and load on the lubrication property. The research offers a scientific basis for the structure optimization of WLRB.

This study aimed to investigate the collective effects of bending load and hygrothermal aging on glass fibre-reinforced plastics (GFRP) due to the fact that stress and water absorption is inevitable during GFRP applications.

The water boiling method was used to study the moisture absorption, desorption behaviour and evaluate the performance of GFRP laminates under loading in this article. The moisture diffusion of laminates is characterized in three aging conditions (25°C, 45°C and 65°C water), along with three levels of bending load coefficients (0, 0.3 and 0.6). The moisture diffusion coefficients are determined through the curve fitting method of the experimental data of the initial process, based on the Fickian diffusion model. Moreover, the laminates’ performance is further discussed after adequate environmental aging and loading.

It was found that moisture absorption is promoted by the presence of bending load and boiling during this study. The absorption diffusion coefficient and moisture equilibrium content of the specimens increased with an increasing loading ratio and temperature. The bending strength of the laminate varied according to a contrary trend. Furthermore, the desorbed moisture content is found to be much higher after higher levels of bending load because it is harder to desorb the moisture in the interfaces and micro cracks.

Collective effects of bending load and hygrothermal aging promote the absorption and result in accelerating property degradation of GFRP. It is significant to focus on these effects on the failure of GFRP.

A novel unit was designed to simulate the various loading acted on containers in this work.

To analyze the work principle and capacity of energy conversion in each segment of profile lines, the energy transfer from impeller to transmission medium is separated into head coefficient and load coefficient to analyze the energy transfer process. The concepts of airfoil lift coefficient and drag coefficient are used; the third manifestation of the Euler equations is used as well.

The numerical simulation of energy conversion mechanism based on load criteria of vane airfoil has been established in screw centrifugal pump to explain its energy conversion mechanism in an impeller. Upon this basis, the velocity and pressure along the entire blade are investigated through the numerical simulation of internal solid–liquid flow in the pump. The energy conversion process under load criteria in the blade airfoil has also been obtained.

The research suggests that the mathematical model of energy conversion mechanism based on the load criteria of the vane airfoil is reliable in the screw centrifugal pump. The screw centrifugal blade has twice or even several times the wrap angle than the ordinary centrifugal blade. It is a large wrap angle that forms the unique flow channel which lays the foundation for solid particles to pass smoothly and for soft energy conversion. At the same time, load distribution along the profile line on the long-screw centrifugal blade is an important factor affecting the energy conversion efficiency of the impeller.

The quantitative analysis method of energy in the screw centrifugal pump can help the pump designer improve certain features of the pump and shorten the research cycle.

This study aims to investigate the sliding friction behaviour and mechanism of engineering surfaces.

A new numerical approach is proposed. This approach derives the macroscale friction coefficient from microscale asperity interactions. By applying this approach, the sliding friction behaviour under different operating conditions were investigated in terms of molecular and mechanical components.

Numerical results demonstrate an independent relationship between normal load and friction coefficient, which is governed by the saturated plastic ratio. Numerical results also demonstrate that under very small load, an increase in load increases the friction coefficient. In addition, numerical results confirm the existence of optimal surface roughness where the friction coefficient is the lowest. For the surface profiles used in the current calculation, an optimal surface roughness value is obtained as Rq = 0.125 μm.

This new approach characterizes the deterministic relationship between macroscale friction coefficient and microscale asperity molecular/mechanical interactions. Numerical results facilitate the understanding of sliding friction mechanism.

A method is presented for calculating influence coefficients in multispar wings of any plan form. Shear deflexion, chordwise bending and taper are taken into account. All the bending material is concentrated at the rib and spar booms and the skin is assumed to carry only shear. The method is particularly useful in the early stages of design as it is rapid and gives a good internal load distribution. The choice of the method, the assumptions made, and the idealization of the structure are discussed. The structure is reduced to a system of beams and torque boxes, the latter connected to the beams by vertical shear at their corner nodes. The internal forces are first expressed as functions of the displacements at the nodes by means of stiffness coefficients. Next the equations of equilibrium, at each node, are established. Finally the conditions of compatibility are brought in. The solution of this system of equations gives the matrix of influence coefficients. Wherever vertical loads only are applied it is possible to solve for the moment equations of straight beams separately from the remainder of the structure, hence from the stiffness matrix. For convenience, these straight beams are organized into sub‐matrices whose moment equations are ‘reduced’. The specific end conditions also allow further reductions. The internal loads can be obtained by substituting the influence coefficients back into the sub‐matrices and by considering the equilibrium of the beams. The angular displacements of the nodes may also be calculated in a similar manner by using the ‘reduced’ rows from the sub‐matrices.

The objectives of this paper are to assess the sliding wear response of a zinc‐based alloy over a range of sliding speeds and pressures in oil‐lubricated condition with respect to a cast iron, to understand the role of different microconstituents in controlling the observed wear behaviour and to examine various operating material removal mechanisms.

Sliding wear tests have been carried out using a pin‐on‐disc machine in oil‐lubricated condition at different speeds and pressures. The wear response has been explained in terms of specific nature of various microconstituents of the specimen materials and substantiated through the characteristics of wear surfaces, subsurface regions and debris particles.

The wear rate increased with the sliding speed while load produced a mixed influence. Further, the friction coefficient and frictional heating were influenced by the test duration, load and speed in a mixed manner. Moreover, the zinc‐based alloy attained lower wear rate but higher friction coefficient than that of the cast iron while frictional heating followed a mixed trend.

The paper further establishes a zinc‐based alloy as a potential substitute material system to a well‐known cast iron in tribological applications and enables further understanding of the wear mechanisms.

The present paper assesses the sliding wear performance of a lighter zinc‐based alloy as an effective potential substitute material system to cast iron in tribological applications. An attempt has also been made to understand the role played by different microconstituents in controlling the wear behavior and substantiate the wear response through the characteristics of wear surfaces, subsurface regions and debris.