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This paper aims to investigate the effect of introducing nano-ceria (CeO2) particles to the epoxy coatings on mild steel in natural seawater.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the effect of introducing nano-ceria (CeO2) particles to the epoxy coatings on mild steel in natural seawater.
Design/methodology/approach
The epoxy–ceria nanoparticles were coated with mild steel using a wire-wound draw-down bar method. The effects of ceria nanoparticles on the corrosion resistance of epoxy-coated samples were analyzed using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
Findings
Localized measurements such as oxygen consumption and iron dissolution were observed using SECM in natural seawater in the epoxy-coated sample. The increase in film resistance (Rf) and charge transfer resistance (Rct) values by the addition of nano-ceria particles in the epoxy coating was measured from EIS measurements after wet and dry cyclic corrosion test. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX) analysis showed that complex oxides of nano-ceria were enriched in corrosion products at a scratched area of the coated mild steel after corrosion testing. Focused ion beam-transmission electron microscope (FIB-TEM) analysis confirmed the presence of the nanoscale oxide layers of ceria in the rust of the steel.
Research limitations/implications
The tip current at −0.70 V for the epoxy–CeO2-coated sample decreased rapidly because of cathodic reduction of the dissolved oxygen. The increase in film resistance (Rf) and charge transfer resistance (Rct) values by the addition of nano-ceria particles in the epoxy coating were measured from EIS measurements after wet and dry cyclic corrosion test.
Practical implications
The presence of complex oxide layers of nano-ceria layers protects the coated steel from rusting.
Social implications
The use of this nano-ceria for corrosion protection is environment-friendly.
Originality/value
The results of this study indicated the significant effect of nano-ceria particles on the protective performance and corrosion resistance of the epoxy coating on mild steel. The dissolution of Fe2+ was lower in the epoxy–ceria nanoparticle-coated mild steel than that of the epoxy-coated mild steel resulting in a lower anodic current of steel. The increase in film resistance and the charge transfer resistance showed that the nano-ceria particles and the formation of complex oxides provide better barrier protection to the coating metal surfaces.
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Vahid Ahmadi, Seyed Mohammad Ali Hosseini, Effat Jamalizadeh and Razie Naghizade
This paper aims to investigate the corrosion resistance of two types of coatings – one is ceria sol coating and the other is ceria sol coating modified by ZnO nanoparticles on…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the corrosion resistance of two types of coatings – one is ceria sol coating and the other is ceria sol coating modified by ZnO nanoparticles on 7075 aluminum alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution.
Design/methodology/approach
Aluminum alloys were dipped into ceria sol and ceria sol modified by ZnO nanoparticles separately and removed after 10 min from the solutions and dried at 110°C for 30 min and heated at 500 °C for 30 min to form the coatings. The coatings have been characterized by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The EIS tests were performed in a corrosive solution of 3.5% NaCl.
Findings
The results showed that the coating of ceria sol modified by ZnO nanoparticles has higher corrosion resistance than the ceria sol coating and the bare sample. Also, the best efficiency is related to aluminum sample immersion after 1 h in NaCl corrosive solution for coating modified by ZnO nanoparticles.
Originality/value
In this research, the modification of ceria sol coating by ZnO nanoparticles had an effect on improving the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy. It is also understood that modification of coatings is an effective parameter on corrosion resistance.
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To develop new eco‐environmentally friendly surface treatments based on cerate compounds as alternatives to the process involving toxic chromates for the corrosion protection of…
Abstract
Purpose
To develop new eco‐environmentally friendly surface treatments based on cerate compounds as alternatives to the process involving toxic chromates for the corrosion protection of magnesium alloys.
Design/methodology/approach
A treatment process in which a surface was alkaline‐etched prior to ceria treatment is proposed. The process involves cleaning, etching in potassium hydroxide followed by treatment in ceria conversion coatings. The effect of surface preparation prior to ceria treatment on the corrosion resistance of AZ91D in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution was measured using AC impedance spectroscopy and DC polarization techniques. Surface examination was performed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray.
Findings
It was shown that the ceria treatment can be used as a localized corrosion inhibitor for alloy AZ91D in NaCl solution. The level of inhibition strongly depended on the cerium concentration. Moreover, ceria treatments improved the pitting corrosion resistance due to the formation of protective oxide films which act as a barrier to oxygen diffusion to the metal surface. According to the EIS and polarization measurements, alkaline etching in KOH is more effective in reducing the pitting corrosion of AZ91D than was HCl. It was shown that surface treatment in alkaline solution (KOH) prior to ceria treatments played an important role in inhibiting the active surface sites, rejecting the chloride ions from the surface and forming uniformly distributed oxide film.
Originality/value
Ceria conversion coatings seem very promising as alternatives to toxic chromating for the corrosion protection of magnesium alloys in NaCl solution.
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Leonid A. Dombrovsky and Wojciech Lipinski
The aim of this paper is to present advanced experimental–numerical methods for identification of spectral absorption and scattering properties of highly porous ceria ceramics in…
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this paper is to present advanced experimental–numerical methods for identification of spectral absorption and scattering properties of highly porous ceria ceramics in the range of semi-transparency at room and elevated temperatures.
Design/methodology/approach
At room temperature, a period of quasi-steady oscillations of the sample surface temperature generated in response to recurrent laser heating at fixed values of the maximum and minimum temperature of the irradiated surface is measured along with the normal-hemispherical reflectance. Radiative properties are then identified using a combined heat transfer model. At elevated temperatures, an analytical solution proposed in an earlier study for zirconia ceramics is used to retrieve spectral absorption coefficient of ceria ceramics from the measured normal emittance.
Findings and Originality/value
This method can be used to obtain small absorption coefficient of ceria ceramics at room temperature. The required measurements of both the normal-hemispherical reflectance and the period of quasi-steady oscillations of the irradiated surface temperature of the ceramics sample between fixed values of the maximum and minimum temperatures can be readily conducted using thermal laboratory equipment. Another method has been suggested for identification of the spectral absorption coefficient of ceria ceramics at elevated temperatures. This method is based on a relation between the measured normal emittance of an isothermal sample and the absorption coefficient.
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In this paper, using experimental results [1], empirical equations [2], and the concept of effective carriers while hopping in ionic conduction, an alternative explanation is…
Abstract
In this paper, using experimental results [1], empirical equations [2], and the concept of effective carriers while hopping in ionic conduction, an alternative explanation is discussed for open circuit voltage (OCV) using Sm‐doped Ceria electrolytes (SDC) in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Consequently, one chapter of the standard textbook [3] must be entirely modified. This alternative explanation not only coexists with major existing experimental results but also is useful for explaining minor experimental results. An experimental method is proposed to clarify the theoretical consideration.
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Suparna Banerjee and Aparna Banerjee
In this Chapter, cerium (III) oxide nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method using hydrogen peroxide as the precipitant in slightly alkaline medium which is greener…
Abstract
In this Chapter, cerium (III) oxide nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method using hydrogen peroxide as the precipitant in slightly alkaline medium which is greener and environmentally suitable, cheap and best as compared to other conventional methods. Here, hydrogen peroxide acts as precipitating, reducing and stabilizing agents. Since studies worldwide reveal a very strong, significant positive association between air pollution and COVID-19 cases, hence, this environment-friendly synthesis process will prove to be most economically effective one to combat the COVID situation. The synthesized cerium (III) oxide nanoparticles were initially noted through visual color change from colorless pale yellow cerium (III) to light yellow cerium (IV). Moreover, the formation and size of cerium (III) oxide nanoparticles were evidenced by the X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and UV-VIS spectroscopy studies. The very high surface area and very small average crystallite sizes of these prepared cerium (III) oxide nanoparticles (5–20) nm in size is mainly responsible for their catalytic properties and hence can be effectively used for the removal of hazardous toxic pollutant gases such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide from the environment with a view to combat the pollution within the environment to increase sustainability and also ensure a better, healthy and safe environment, particularly, in context of COVID in globalized world. This chapter, as its main objective, mainly focuses on utility of the nanotechnology and its beneficiary in creating a sustainable environment in economic world, particularly for gender development. Since the gas sensors will detect and reduce gaseous toxic pollutants from the environment, so lower the pollution greater will be sustainable environment development in terms of human development index and hence higher will be overall economic development in favor of Gender Development Index across world. However, as major findings, developing countries have been successful in maintaining a sustainable human development, in spite of higher Per Capita Income (PCI) growth, as compared to the role of least developing countries, with lower PCI in this global world, in favor of their respective gender development.
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Joseph Bick, Gabriel Culbert, Haider A. Al-Darraji, Clayton Koh, Veena Pillai, Adeeba Kamarulzaman and Frederick Altice
Criminalization of drug use in Malaysia has concentrated people who inject drugs (PWID) and people living with HIV into prisons where health services are minimal and HIV-related…
Abstract
Purpose
Criminalization of drug use in Malaysia has concentrated people who inject drugs (PWID) and people living with HIV into prisons where health services are minimal and HIV-related mortality is high. Few studies have comprehensively assessed the complex health needs of this population. The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
From October 2012 through March 2013, 221 sequentially selected HIV-infected male prisoners underwent a comprehensive health assessment that included a structured history, physical examination, and clinically indicated diagnostic studies.
Findings
Participants were mostly PWID (83.7 percent) and diagnosed with HIV while incarcerated (66.9 percent). Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (90.4 percent), untreated syphilis (8.1 percent), active (13.1 percent), and latent (81.2 percent) tuberculosis infection was several fold higher than non-prisoner Malaysian adults, as was tobacco use (71.9 percent) and heavy drinking (30.8 percent). Most (89.5 percent) were aware of their HIV status before the current incarceration, yet few had been engaged previously in HIV care, including pre-incarceration CD4 monitoring (24.7 percent) or prescribed antiretroviral therapy (ART) (16.7 percent). Despite most (73.7 percent) meeting Malaysia’s criteria for ART (CD4 <350 cells/μL), less than half (48.4 percent) ultimately received it. Nearly one-quarter (22.8 percent) of those with AIDS (<200 cells/μL) did not receive ART.
Originality/value
Drug addiction and communicable disease comorbidity, which interact negatively and synergistically with HIV and pose serious public health threats, are highly prevalent in HIV-infected prisoners. Interventions to address the critical shortage of healthcare providers and large gaps in treatment for HIV and other co-morbid conditions are urgently needed to meet the health needs of HIV-infected Malaysian prisoners, most of whom will soon transition to the community.
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Haider Al-Darraji, Philip Hill, Katrina Sharples, Frederick L. Altice and Adeeba Kamarulzaman
This intensified case finding study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) disease among people with HIV entering the largest prison in Malaysia.
Abstract
Purpose
This intensified case finding study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) disease among people with HIV entering the largest prison in Malaysia.
Design/methodology/approach
The study was conducted in Kajang prison, starting in July 2013 in the men’s prison and June 2015 in the women’s prison. Individuals tested positive for HIV infection, during the mandatory HIV testing at the prison entry, were consecutively recruited over five months at each prison. Consented participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and asked to submit two sputum samples that were assessed using GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) and culture, irrespective of clinical presentation. Factors associated with active TB (defined as a positive result on either Xpert or culture) were assessed using regression analyses.
Findings
Overall, 214 incarcerated people with HIV were recruited. Most were men (84.6%), Malaysians (84.1%) and people who inject drugs (67.8%). The mean age was 37.5 (SD 8.2) years, and median CD4 lymphocyte count was 376 cells/mL (IQR 232–526). Overall, 27 (12.6%) TB cases were identified, which was independently associated with scores of five or more on the World Health Organization clinical scoring system for prisons (ARR 2.90 [95% CI 1.48–5.68]).
Originality/value
Limited data exists about the prevalence of TB disease at prison entry, globally and none from Malaysia. The reported high prevalence of TB disease in the study adds an important and highly needed information to design comprehensive TB control programmes in prisons.
Muhammad Faisal, Iftikhar Ahmad and Abdur Rashid
The present study aims to encompass the bidirectional magnetized flowing of a hybrid-nanofluid over an unsteady stretching device with the inclusion of thermal radiation and…
Abstract
Purpose
The present study aims to encompass the bidirectional magnetized flowing of a hybrid-nanofluid over an unsteady stretching device with the inclusion of thermal radiation and entropy generation. Brick-shaped nanoparticles (zinc-oxide and ceria) are suspended in water, serving as the base-fluid to observe the performance of the hybrid mixture. The Maxwell thermal conductivity relation is employed to link the thermophysical attributes of the hybrid mixture with the host liquid. Additionally, a heat source/sink term is incorporated in the energy balance to enhance the impact of the investigation. Both prescribed-surface-temperature (PST) and prescribed-heat-flux (PHF) conditions are applied to inspect the thermal performance of the hybrid nanofluid.
Design/methodology/approach
The transport equations in Cartesian configuration are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs), and an efficient method, namely the Keller-Box method (KBM), is utilized to solve the transformed system. Postprocessing is conducted to visually represent the velocity profile, thermal distribution, skin-friction coefficients, Bejan number, Nusselt number and entropy generation function against the variations of the involved parameters.
Findings
It is observed that more entropy is generated due to the increases in temperature difference and radiation parameters. The Bejan number initially declines but then improves with higher estimations of unsteadiness and Hartmann number. Overall, the thermal performance of the system is developed for the PST scenario than the PHF scenario for different estimations of the involved constraints.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, no investigation has been reported yet that explains the bidirectional flow of a CeO2-ZnO/water hybrid nanofluid with the combined effects of prescribed thermal aspects (PST and PHF) and entropy generation.
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Susan Samadi, Ghasem Asadi Cordshooli, Mohammad Yousefi, Khadijeh Kalateh and SeyedAmirabbas Zakaria
This paper aims to introduce constructed CeO2/TiO2 core/shell nanoparticle as sensitive substance organic compounds.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to introduce constructed CeO2/TiO2 core/shell nanoparticle as sensitive substance organic compounds.
Design/methodology/approach
The CeO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment. Then CeO2/TiO2 core/shell was fabricated by sol–gel method preparation of TiO2 in the presence of ceria nanoparticles and applied as the sensitive material to make a sensor.
Findings
Formation of the nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The synthesized sensor exhibited not only good sensitivity to volatile organic compounds at room temperature but also logarithm of sensitivity versus concentrations was linear.
Research limitations/implications
The sensor shows acceptable sensitivity to volatile organic compound at room temperature.
Practical implications
Experimental data revealed satisfactory reproducibility and short response and recovery times.
Originality/value
A radical mechanism for gas sensor reaction in two pathways was considered and activation energies were calculated by density functional theory (DFT) method to describe different sensitivities of tested volatile gases. The experimental results were consistent with the calculations.
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