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The accommodation sector has a strong impact on the host destination in terms of waste production, use of natural resources, physical impact on landscape and natural environment, greenhouse gas emissions, etc. (Hall et al., 2016). For this reason, the increasing attention to sustainability, also in the tourism sector, requires us to rethink the planning of the tourist accommodation development with reference to this approach. Moreover, it is necessary to take into consideration some important emerging trends in tourist consumption, in particular the greater interest in experiential holidays, the deep impact of sharing economy and the phenomena of ‘home stay tourism’ and ‘living like a local’. All of these are significantly orientating the demand and the offer towards a greater attention to authenticity (Grayson & Martinec, 2004; Paulauskaite, Powell, Coca-Stefaniak, &, Morrison, 2017; Tussyadiah & Pesonen, 2016a and 2016b; Tussyadiah & Pesonen, 2018).

The sustainability, environmental, socio-cultural and economic dimensions must be respected to develop forms of sustainable accommodations (Boley & Uysal, 2013; Elkington, 1997, 1998, 2004; Farrell, 1992). They have to be respectful of local communities and their identity and culture, not going beyond the host environmental and social carrying capacities (Graefe & Vaske, 1987; Hernandez-Maskivker, Ferrari, & Cruyt, 2019; Van Der Borg, 1992; Van der Borg, Costa, & Gotti, 1996; Vargas-Sánchez, Porras-Bueno, & de los Ángeles Plaza-Mejía, 2011). Those aspects must be referred not only to environmental ecosystems (Buckley, 2000; Sánchez-Cañizares, Castillo-Canalejo, & Cabeza-Ramírez, 2018) but also to the art, cultural heritage and local socio-cultural tissue of the destination (García-Hernández, la Calle-Vaquero, & Yubero, 2017). This is especially true in tourist destinations that are characterized by a remarkable fragility and sensitiveness. As explained by Jeong, Zielinski, Chang, and Kim (2018, p. 2), sensitive tourist destinations are areas that support responsible tourism, but do not necessarily have all the characteristics of ‘ecotourism’ or ‘responsible tourism’ destinations, as provided in their common definitions (Dolnicar & Leisch, 2008). Responsible tourism is a kind of tourist behaviour that occurs when tourists understand the impact of their behaviour on the environment and local people, and abide by the socio-cultural and environmental norms of the site (Jeong et al., 2018, p. 1).

Our research is focused on Matera. This southern Italian town, which has been the European Capital of Culture in 2019 and World Heritage Site since 1993, has an ancient and very peculiar history. It is a complex urban cave situated in a deep natural canyon, continuously inhabited since the Palaeolithic period. Today Matera, which has frequently been the location of important movies, is a successful international tourist destination and has shown an uninterrupted increase in tourism over the last 20 years. Unfortunately, this rapid tourist growth is threatening the town centre and its surroundings that are part of a protected area. In fact, the dimensions of visitors' flows are endangering a delicate destination with a fragile equilibrium, together with its priceless cultural heritage, traditions and way of living. In addition, it is giving rise to a residents' negative attitude towards tourists. For all these reasons, investments should be made to favour the development of different types of tourist accommodations (e.g. diffuse hotels or some forms of sharing accommodations) that are respectful of local economy, physical environment and cultural heritage as well as of the host community and its culture, traditions and identity (Gilli & Ferrari, 2016).

In this analysis a qualitative approach was adopted by carrying on face-to-face interviews with stakeholders. The main aims were to study to what extent tourist accommodations are perceived as sustainable by the main stakeholders' categories in Matera today, how their sustainability could be improved and if town innovations in this field already exist or could be promoted.

This paper investigates tourism distribution channels in a small island destination with capacity constraints and contributes to understanding distribution in an emerging economy. Using the case of Fernando de Noronha in Brazil, the structures and factors underlying channel choice behaviour of tourism suppliers and intermediaries were investigated.

41 in-depth interviews were conducted with the private sector (tourism suppliers based on Fernando de Noronha and intermediaries, based on the island as well as mainland Brazil) as well as governmental organisations. A stratified purposeful sample was taken to select suppliers and data were examined based on thematic analysis.

Both direct and indirect distribution channels are used, with limited airline tickets influencing the suppliers' choice of channels in this small island and capacity-constrained destination. Many suppliers focused on relationships with destination-based ground operators. These local intermediaries are important and extremely relevant to small island destinations building an effective business network to connect the destination to geographically distant markets and intermediaries.

Limitations include the absence of air and cruise operators as interviewees.

The paper provides a comprehensive representation of the structures and analysis of tourism distribution channels in fragile small island destinations, specifically, in an emerging country context. This includes emphasising previously unexplored indirect channels of cruise ship operators and supplier's associations.

Introduction Summary: Archaeological heritages are very important attractions and are highly promoted as a tourism product. Due to the negative consequences of high visitor flows and lack of management, the conservation and development of archaeological heritages raises concerns for destinations aiming at sustainable archaeological heritage management.

Purpose: This study provides an extensive literature review for archaeological heritage management to emphasise the importance of bringing heritage sites to tourism in a sustainable way, Also aims to provide a guideline for destinations suffering the archeological heritage management issues or for developing tourism destination to prevent themselves suffering from the same issues. Accordingly, the literature review is divided into three sections: the role and impacts of tourism on archaeological heritage; sustainable tourism development; and planning are mentioned in the first section. Then, planning for preservation and conservation activities for archaeological heritage and international heritage protection and conservation programmes are mentioned in the second section. Finally, the literature provides the content of tourism planning and policy for sustainable archaeological heritages.

Findings: Tourism uses archaeological assets to attract tourists and tourism damages archaeological sites when there is high demand, lack of information and control. But, in general, the relationship between tourism and archaeological heritage is strongly interlinked and need each other. And without the community and stakeholder’s involvement, archeological heritage management will not be successfully achieved.

Originality/Value: Tourism authorities and archaeologists should work together and develop practical ideas for archaeological heritage. Highly promoted and demanded archaeological heritage resources cannot be part of sustainable tourism development without serious conservation and conservation efforts or minimal/inappropriate recoveries due to government lack of care and supervision, so these valuable treasures are doomed to irreversible damage.

The increasing need for the prevention and management of overtourism calls for more and improved visitor management (VM). Certain types of destinations or sites have implemented VM, such as nature parks that depict more controllable environments and involve only limited and clearly defined actors. Academic research on VM has mainly addressed protected areas and national parks, with a focus on environmental sustainability. The growing discussions around the term overtourism, in contrast, have largely centred around urban areas and the impacts on local societies, and, thus, socio-cultural sustainability. This chapter's overall aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the status quo and knowledge gaps related to stakeholder involvement in VM in the broader context of overtourism. We ask who, how and in what areas stakeholders should be involved in VM. A systematic literature review was conducted using Scopus and Web of Science databases. The findings demonstrate that most studies applied a narrow and fragmented approach that focussed on one or a few stakeholders. Moreover, the strategies were mostly reactive instead of preventive and followed top-down approaches. Conflicts between stakeholders reveal risks to sustainable destination development, trigger overtourism debates and call for new approaches to VM. The chapter proposes a framework that suggests the chief VM responsibilities and stakeholders, concentrating on destination organisations, governments and residents. Also, it provides examples of participative methods, illuminates that VM should be proactive, sustainable and holistic and proposes better integration with destination management and local community governance.

The main aim of this paper is to critically review the contribution made by this theme issue to the literature by examining contemporary innovations that are emerging and enhancing responsible rural tourism practices in Malaysia.

Based on the theme issue, a critical content analysis of the papers selected for the issue was undertaken.

The summary paper generally highlights all emerging and innovative approaches from various case studies in rural tourism destinations in Malaysia.

The complex and dynamic realities of rural tourism are both a challenge and an opportunity for responsible governance of rural tourism destinations.

The current theme issue explores emerging models from stakeholders' perspectives to enhance the concept of rural tourism sustainability in the context of the economy, social and environment.

This paper aims to identify the current state of the Portuguese tourism, its opportunities and challenges based on the conclusions of the International Tourism Forum (ITF)/Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes (WHATT) Round Table attended by representatives of the main public and private entities of the tourism sector in Portugal.

This paper presents and discusses the main conclusions resulting from the ITF/WHATT Round Table. The event was organized by the Institute for Tourism Planning and Development, under the theme “Tourism in 2016: from trends to results”.

The ITF/WHATT Round Table concluded that the tourism industry worldwide and in Portugal, in particular, is facing major challenges that call for innovative ways of managing the tourism experience. On the other hand, world tourism growth was seen as a reality that will remain, and destinations will have to continue working to achieve better tourists instead of getting more tourists.

This analysis provides knowledge about the current state of the Portuguese tourism, its challenges and opportunities while identifying innovative ways and likely solutions to improve the experience of tourists visiting Portugal.

The profiling of the current state of the Portuguese tourism, its opportunities and challenges contributes to the design of more effective strategies to improve the Portuguese tourist offer and the experience of tourists visiting Portugal.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of three sources of social representation (i.e. direct experience of an event, the media and social interaction) on tourists’ formation of event image; to examine the effect of event image, satisfaction and city image on tourists’ revisit intentions to the host city; and to explore the mediating role of city image.

This study used the 28th Qingdao International Beer Festival (QIBF) as the case for verifying the relationships in the proposed model. The survey was conducted in Qingdao and 366 valid observations were collected. Structural equation modeling was used to validate the research model.

Event image is found to be significantly and positively influenced by direct experience of an event and social interaction. City image and satisfaction are important predictors of revisit intention. The meaning of event image is transferred to city image. City image plays a pivotal role in mediating the effect of event image and satisfaction on revisit intention to the host city.

This study surveyed Chinese tourists attending QIBF in Qingdao and consequently the outcomes may lack generalizability. This research did not survey foreign tourists. Thus, the differences of attitudes and behaviors between Chinese and foreign tourists are not compared.

The outcomes provide insights into how a city manager can organize an event to enhance tourists’ intentions to revisit the city.

This study represents one of the few studies that use both social representation theory and the theory of brand image transfer in examining the influence of external social contexts on tourists’ formation of event image and investigates how the unique meaning of event activities is transferred to city image. In addition, the mediating role of city image is fully explored in this research.

本研究的目的包括（1）探究社会表征的三个来源（事件的直接体验, 媒体影响, 社会互动）对游客事件形象评价的影响；（2）验证事件形象、满意度、城市形象对游客重访举办地意愿的影响；（3）检验城市形象的中介作用。

本研究以第28届青岛国际啤酒节为案例研究对象, 来验证模型中的变量关系。调研在青岛进行, 共收集有效问卷366份。通过结构方程模型来验证研究假设。

事件形象评价受到直接体验和社会互动的显著积极影响。城市形象和满意度是游客重访意愿重要的影响因素, 事件形象的内涵转移到城市形象。城市形象在事件形象和满意度对重访意愿的影响作用中起到重要的中介作用。

本研究对参加青岛国际啤酒节的中国游客进行调研, 结果可能缺少普适性。本研究没有调研外国游客, 缺少中外游客的态度和行为差异的对比。

研究结论对于城市管理者如何更好的组织事件活动以提升游客重访城市的意愿提供了新的思路。

本研究将社会表征理论和品牌形象理论应用到事件营销当中, 解释了游客事件形象评价的形成过程中外部社会情境的影响, 以及事件活动的独特内涵向城市形象转移的过程。同时, 本研究验证了城市形象在事件形象和满意度对重访意愿的影响作用中的中介作用。

事件形象, 城市形象, 满意度, 重访意愿, 社会表征理论

研究论文

(1) explorar el impacto de tres fuentes de representación social (experiencia directa de eventos, influencia de los medios, interacción social) en la evaluación de la imagen del evento de los turistas; (2) Verificar el impacto de la imagen del evento, la satisfacción y la imagen de la ciudad en la voluntad de los turistas para volver a visitar el lugar; (3) verificar el papel mediador de la imagen de la ciudad.

Este estudio toma el 28° Festival Internacional de Cerveza de Qingdao como un objeto de estudio de caso para verificar la relación de las variables en el modelo. La encuesta se realizó en Qingdao y se recolectó un total de 366 cuestionarios válidos. El modelo de ecuación estructural se utiliza para verificar la hipótesis de investigación.

El estudio muestra que la experiencia directa de los eventos y la interacción social tienen un impacto positivo y significativo en la evaluación de la imagen del evento. La imagen de la ciudad y la satisfacción son factores importantes que influyen en la voluntad de los turistas a volver a visitar. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que la imagen de la ciudad desempeña un importante papel de mediación en el efecto de la imagen del evento y la satisfacción en la voluntad de volver a visitar.

este estudio encuestó a los turistas que participaron en el Festival Internacional de Cerveza de Qingdao, y los resultados pueden carecer de generalidad. Este estudio no investigó a los turistas extranjeros, solo a los turistas chinos, por eso careció de una comparación de las diferencias en actitudes y comportamientos entre los turistas chinos y extranjeros.

las conclusiones de la investigación proporcionan nuevas ideas sobre cómo los administradores de la ciudad pueden organizar mejor las actividades del evento para aumentar la voluntad de los turistas a visitar la ciudad nuevamente.

este estudio aplica la teoría de la representación social y la teoría de la imagen de marca al marketing de eventos, explicando el impacto de los contextos sociales externos en la formación de la evaluación de imágenes de eventos turísticos y el proceso de transferir la connotación única de las actividades de eventos a la imagen urbana. Al mismo tiempo, este estudio demuestra que el papel mediador de la imagen de la ciudad tiene un impacto de la imagen del evento y la satisfacción en la voluntad de volver a visitar.

The aim of this paper is to examine the various indicators of marine waste management and its adaptability to the tourism industry in Semporna District, Sabah. Marine waste management was identified as a serious concern in Semporna, specifically the increase in general and hazardous waste and the lack of waste reduction activities. Selected waste management indicators can help to support information‐based decision making in many levels of tourism planning and management.

The paper is a critical review of previous studies. It provides a theoretical understanding for readers to recognize the indicators used in marine waste management in the context of managing the environment in tourism destinations.

This paper provides an overview of the environmental indicators widely used in waste management of marine and island destinations and identifies indicators with potential for application in Semporna and islands off the coast of Semporna.

The paper provides vital information to assist the local government select suitable indicators to alleviate marine waste management in Semporna, Sabah.

The paper contributes to a better understanding of marine waste available management indicators in the tourism environment. The use of these dependable measurements should serve as a “report card” for each marine tourism site in the country.

In the past two decades mass tourism has replaced the “old‐fashioned”, more individual ways of travelling especially for vacations. In the course of this development a new travel industry system has established itself. This industry is responsible for the management and coordination of the various inputs that assist the transfers of people on volume levels that would have astounded the world less than a generation ago. This multifunctional, often supranational geographically far flung system serves tourist travelling on two distinct geographic scale levels, each one requiring different input mixes of professional and technical knowhow. (Without this system which meet and manages the needs of the modern traveller, tourist movements either interregionally or internationally, on land and sea, for a few days or weeks would slow down and almost grind to a halt.)