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The purpose of this study is to determine competency expectations for entry level supervisory employees in the golf and club management industry.

The study was conducted with members of a Chapter of the Club Managers Association of America. A 20‐question survey was developed for the study to identify desired competencies to be acquired by the next generation golf and club management professional. The survey was distributed electronically.

Competencies identified for entry level golf and club management positions were similar to those required for current effectiveness of club managers already in practice and comparable to the more recognized hospitality industries of restaurants and hotels. The findings also demonstrate the overall impressions of practitioners concerning levels of preparation for entry level positions in the industry.

The paper presents conclusions and suggestions for collaborative initiatives aimed at improving the preparation of individuals for successful entry into hospitality and tourism industry employment.

The golf and club management industry is challenged by an insufficient number of qualified applicants for management vacancies. The research offers new approaches to recruitment and development of entry level managerial candidates.

The goal of this paper is to investigate the relationships between consumers’ value perceptions, satisfaction and involvement, and, ultimately, their effects on behavioral intentions in the contexts of alternative golf (AG) and traditional golf (TG).

Data were collected from potential golfers who had visited AG facilities in the past 12 months. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.

The findings of this study indicated that perceived value is a key element of developing satisfaction and promoting involvement, which resulted in visitors’ behavioral intentions toward AG and TG. In addition, satisfaction and involvement were found to sequentially mediate these relationships, and gender had a moderating effect on the relationship between AG and TG behavioral intentions.

This study theoretically contributes to the literature by proposing an extensive research model that attempted to capture the connection between AG and TG intentions and the sequential mediating effects of satisfaction and involvement. The strong connection between AG and TG found in this study suggest practical implications for managers, marketers and sales personnel for both AG and TG.

AG is defined as a non-traditional way to play golf that focuses more on entertainment and leisure activities. AG facilities are highly experiential spaces that include both golf and hospitality elements. The popularity of AG has increased in recent years with mostly anecdotal evidence of its influence on TG. This study empirically tested the role of AG in increasing the TG population.

Understanding the advantages of brand experience is important for brand managers to more effectively grow satisfied and loyal customers. To date, little research has examined the relationship between brand experience and customer satisfaction, uncertainty, and brand loyalty with sport products. Therefore, this study examined these relationships with golf club products in the golf industry.

Data were collected from golf players in South Korea (n = 386) through online surveys. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to examine the relationship between the variables.

The results revealed that brand experience influences golfers' uncertainty toward other brands. In other words, doubts about the brand will decrease when consumers experience sensory, affective, behavioral, and intellectual interactions with a brand. Interestingly, brand experience does not influence golfers' satisfaction as indicated by previous studies. Also, findings showed that just having experience with a brand does not lead to golfers' loyalty.

This study helps to understand how consumers' direct experiences influence brand beliefs and attitudes. Moreover, this study is significant for sport marketing practitioners since it explores an alternative marketing approach to brand differentiation, which has the potential to attract and retain more customers.

Although participation in golf has increased in several countries and is associated with an evolving golf industry, research on golf and golf players is rather limited. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the sport-related expenditure of golfers and diferences of heavy and light spenders.

Primary data of golf players were collected in Germany using a written survey which resulted in a convenience sample of n=197 golfers.

The regression results indicate that the social motive, time for playing and training, handicap, age, and income have a significant impact on sport-related expenditure. There are several significant difference between heavy and light spenders based on psychological, behavioural, demographic, and resources variables.

A convenience sample was drawn and the sample size with n=197 respondents could be improved. Nonetheless, the descriptive results revealed that the sample structure was similar to previous research with regard to socio-demographic variables.

Since the underlying motives of golfers vary immensely indicating a range of target groups, sport managers need to address each target group differently to fully exploit the marketing potential.

Expenditure of golfers seems to be under researched and the results reveal that the average sport-related expenditure of golfers confirms that golf can be an expensive sport and that golf players are willing to spend on average one monthly income on their sport over a 12-month period.

The purpose of this study is to examine the evolution of revenue management (RM) research’s intellectual structure in hospitality and tourism in an effort to initiate a creative discourse for RM scholars.

Co-citation analysis was used to examine the reference list of 343 articles over a 35-year period (1983-2018). Co-citation analysis focused on subject clustering and source knowledge evolution. Five periods were created to investigate the evolution of the RM field in the hospitality and tourism industry. The paradigm shift approach was adopted to acquire a better understanding of scientific evolution.

Findings indicated that from a Kuhnian perspective, RM research in hospitality and tourism did not go beyond the normal science phase. There is no current indication of anomalies in the form of conflict or questioning of the existing paradigms in RM research in hospitality and tourism. This might change, as the research in this realm develops further and evolves.

This study identified issues related to research themes that have the potential of moving RM research in hospitality and tourism to the next level, enabling the paradigm shift in this discipline.

This study is instrumental in its outlook on the evolution of RM research’s intellectual structure in hospitality and tourism. In addition, it is the first study that considers the concept of paradigm shift in RM research context in hospitality and tourism.

Rigid environments, those with exceptionally strong cultural and traditional barriers to change, present unique challenges for institutional entrepreneurs attempting to initiate change. We utilize such a setting to examine what support mechanisms, both individual and contextual, have been utilized when attempting change in rigid environments. We examine the case of successful and unsuccessful attempts to make golf more inclusive to women. Our research supports the claim that rigid environments require more complex combinations of support mechanisms than other settings, illustrating the importance of institutions in both enabling and constraining change in such settings.

The purpose of this study was to examine the antecedents and consequences of brand prestige in the private country club industry. More specifically, it was proposed that five attributes of a private country club form brand prestige: golf course conditions, service quality during a round, food and beverage cart service, golf shop and clubhouse food and beverage service. In addition, it was also hypothesized that brand prestige can result in three managerial outcomes: social value, brand attachment and brand loyalty. During the theory-building process, it was proposed that brand consciousness moderates the relationship between brand prestige and its outcome variables.

Based on the theoretical relationships between the conceptual constructs, a model was proposed and then tested utilizing data collected from 290 amateur golfers in the USA.

Data analysis results show that four attributes of a private country club (all except for food and beverage cart service) help to enhance brand prestige and, thus, aid in the creation of social value, brand attachment and brand loyalty. Lastly, brand consciousness plays a moderating role in the relationship between brand prestige and brand loyalty.

First, private country clubs are required to consider golf course management before (e.g. hiring top golf architects) and after operating the club (e.g. hiring competent golf course managers). Second, private country clubs need golf course rangers with much experience who can properly manage pace of play. Third, the golf shop needs to prepare diverse souvenirs that well symbolize the private country club. Fourth, the clubhouse at private country clubs needs to provide services at the same level as that found in fine dining restaurants.

Despite the important role played by the prestigious image, no research has attempted to empirically test its influence on the private country club industry. Therefore, this study is the first to apply the concept of brand prestige to the private country club industry. In this regard, the study extends the existing literature on brand prestige by finding the antecedents and consequences in the private country club industry.

This study was designed with the aim to examine the formation of golfers’ intentions to play golf on traditional golf courses by considering the moderating impact of their outcome beliefs regarding the playing of screen golf. Other goals in this research were to test the mediating impact of desires and to identify the relative importance of study variables in generating intention within the proposed conceptual framework. The Model of Goal-directed Behavior (MGB) was utilized to make a precise prediction of golfers’ intentions.

The dataset was developed by distributing surveys in person at screen-golf cafés. A structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to evaluate the fit of the proposed model and assess the hypothesized relationships. Tests for metric invariance were used to examine the moderating impact of outcome beliefs.

Results from the SEM revealed that the proposed model predicted golfers’ intentions well, explaining significant amounts of variance. Desire acted as a significant mediator in the proposed conceptual framework. Compared to other study variables, both positive anticipated emotions and subjective norms had superior ability in generating golfers’ intentions to play real golf. Moreover, results from the test for metric invariance indicated that the intensity of golfers’ perceived benefits of playing screen golf affected their decision formation as a moderator, decreasing their intention to play real golf.

Research considering the impact of screen golf on golfers’ decision-making processes is rare in the golf industry. Filling this gap, the present study successfully demonstrated that golfers’ decision formation is sufficiently explained by the MGB, and their perceived outcomes from playing screen golf represent a possible threat to the traditional golf industry.

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the results of existing studies that addressed the relationship between the selection attributes of golf businesses and golfers’ satisfaction in South Korea.

Studies on the relationship between selection attributes and satisfaction per golf facility type were retrieved from the Korean Citation Index. Using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2, the effect sizes (ESs) for the following relationships were calculated: between selection attributes and satisfaction with golf facilities in general; between selection attributes and satisfaction per distinct golf facility types (outdoor golf courses vs screen golf facilities); and between the sub-factors of selection attributes and satisfaction per golf facility.

Medium ESs were found between selection attributes and satisfaction with golf facilities in general (0.394), outdoor golf courses (0.336) and screen golf facilities (0.370). The choice attribute factors of accessibility, employees and concession had large effects on golfers’ satisfaction with outdoor golf courses, while services and concession had large effects on golfers’ satisfaction with screen golf facilities.

Among many Asian countries, golf is extremely popular and attracts more business than other sports; however, changes in consumer viewpoints and business trends necessitate consistent refinement. This meta-analytic approach offered a macro perspective on how golf facility administrators might sustain and develop their businesses by highlighting what choice attributes matter most to golf consumers.