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The axial magnetic field occurs in the end-region of large turbo-generators is known to induce hot points or voltages between laminations, that may cause insulation breakdown and thus stator faults.

It is important to dispose of simple methods for estimating the axial flux rapidly with regard to the operating point of the machine.

The authors provide a practical model of the axial magnetic field based on a simplified vector diagram. The parameters required to build the vector composition of the flux densities are assessed with a limited number of finite element method simulations of the whole end-region of the machine. These simulations were validated by an experimental test on a real turbo-generator. Then the axial flux density was simply estimated for various operating points.

The originality of the paper concerns the practical model of the axial magnetic field based on a simplified vector diagram.

The purpose of this paper is the investigation of eddy currents induced in the axial‐flux permanent‐magnet machine housing by the leakage flux and the introduction of permanent magnets in the steady‐state AC finite‐element analysis and coupling their effects with the transient thermal analysis.

The proposed approach is based on the finite‐element method as well as on using the basic analytical equations. The approach was first applied in the magneto transient analyses. Because of the different physical transient‐time constants, the steady‐state AC analysis coupled with transient thermal should be used.

The permanent magnets in the steady‐state AC analysis coupled with the transient thermal analysis can be simulated by coils with an imposed current of a frequency depending on the number of pole pairs and rotation speed. Using any of the electrically conductive materials for the axial‐flux inner slotless stator permanent‐magnet machine housing should be avoided.

The leakage flux induced by permanent magnets and spreading into the axial‐flux permanent‐machine housing is first defined by using the magneto‐transient finite‐element analysis and further used in the steady‐state AC analysis coupled with the transient thermal analyses, all in 3D. Based on the results of these analyses, the temperature distribution in entire machine is calculated and compared with the measurement results.

Discusses the 27 papers in ISEF 1999 Proceedings on the subject of electromagnetisms. States the groups of papers cover such subjects within the discipline as: induction machines; reluctance motors; PM motors; transformers and reactors; and special problems and applications. Debates all of these in great detail and itemizes each with greater in‐depth discussion of the various technical applications and areas. Concludes that the recommendations made should be adhered to.

To design a high power density machine, an automatic design method is proposed. Hopefully, automatic design method uses only the requirements (torque and speed) and the information about sources (voltage and current).

To calculate the volume, a necessary flux density and an inductance are calculated by the permeance method. All mechanical parameters, stator diameter, teeth width, turn number and so on, realize the necessary flux density and an inductance, and these parameters are expressed as a function of a rotor diameter. By using both conditions of current density and copper loss, a rotor diameter which realizes the minimum volume can be obtained.

As a result of an optimum design, 50 kW SPMSM is realized only into 2[L] spaces, which copper loss is only 500[W], 1 percent of the maximum output. Moreover, 50 kW axial flux type machine is realized only into 1.3[L] spaces. Accurate comparison is possible by only optimum designs because these have the solutions of the same conditions. In a comparison result, a volume of the axial flux machine is less than that of the radial flux machine, because the radial flux type cannot utilize the large rotor diameter. Thus the axial flux type motor is suitable to the high torque machine.

In this research, the length of the coil end and the iron loss, are ignored, because an axial length of stator is much longer than a coil end especially for the high power motor, and the iron loss estimation has not been established.

By using this method, it is possible to perform the automatic design. If a designer inputs only the requested torque, speed and device information, an automatic calculation will be done, and a designer can automatically get a motor structure.

Although some papers can calculate the mechanical parameters which realize only torque, all requirements, torque, speed and power are satisfied in this paper. In addition, an optimum point of the volume is theoretically obtained. In industrial applications, because the power range is very important, especially for electric vehicles and so on, this paper provides more compact and more powerful machines.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the theoretical foundation of the so-called quasi 3D modelling method of axial flux machines, and the means for the simulation of the resulting models.

Starting from the first principles, a 3D magnetostatic problem is geometrically decomposed into a coupled system of 2D problems. Genuine 2D problems are derived by decoupling the system. The construction of the 2D simulation models is discussed, and their applicability is evaluated by comparing a finite element implementation to an existing industry-used model.

The quasi 3D method relies on the assumption of vanishing radial magnetic flux. The validity of this assumption is reflected in a residual gained from the 3D coupled system. Moreover, under a modification of the metric of the 2D models, an axial flux machine can be presented as a family of radial flux machines.

The evaluation and interpretation of the residual has not been carried out. Furthermore, the inclusion of eddy currents has not been detailed in the present study.

A summary of existing modelling and simulation methods of axial flux machines is provided. As a novel result, proper mathematical context for the quasi 3D method is given and the underlying assumptions are laid out. The implementation of the 2D models is approached from a general angle, strengthening the foundation for future research.

This paper aims to propose an analytical model for the harmonic content no-load magnetic fields and Back electric motive force (EMF) in double-sided TORUS-type non-slotted axial flux permanent magnet (TORUS-NS AFPM) machines with surface-mounted magnets considering the winding distribution and iron saturation effects.

First, a procedure to calculate the winding distribution with a rectangular cross-section is proposed. The magnetic field distribution and magnetic motive force (MMF) drop due to saturation in iron cores are then exactly extracted in a 2-D analytical model. The consequent influence on air-gap magnetic field and Back EMF are also calculated using a new iterative algorithm. The results are compared with those of the conventional analytical model without saturation, 2-D finite element analysis (FEA) and an experiment on a fabricated prototype machine.

Unlike the conventional method, the new method yields the no-load magnetic field distributions in air-gap and iron cores and Back EMF very exactly such that the results well match to those of the FEA and experiment.

Unlike the conventional winding factor, the winding distribution is considered here along the both axial and circumferential directions, which improves the accuracy level of results for non-slotted structures with relatively large air-gaps. The magnetic field distribution and MMF drop-in iron parts are also calculated as the basis for exact recalculation of air-gap magnetic field and Back EMF. Because of small computational burden beside superior accuracy, the proposed model can be treated as an accurate and fast substitute for FEA to be used during the design procedure or for predicting the other performance characteristics of TORUS-NS AFPM machines.

Consideration of leakage fluxes in the preliminary design stage of a machine is important for accurate determination of machine dimensions and prediction of performance characteristics. This paper aims to obtain some equations for calculating the average air gap flux density, the flux density within the magnet and the air gap leakage flux factor.

A detailed magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) is presented for a TORUS-type non-slotted axial flux permanent magnet (TORUS-NS AFPM) machine. In this MEC, the leakage flux occurring between two adjacent magnets and the leakage fluxes taking place between the magnet and rotor iron at the interpolar, inner and outer edges of the magnets are considered. According to the proposed MEC and by using flux division law, some equations are extracted. A three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) is used to evaluate the proposed analytical equations. The study machine is a 3.7 kW and 1,400 rpm TORUS-NS AFPM machine.

The air gap leakage flux factor, the average air gap flux density and the flux density within the magnet are calculated using the proposed equations and FEM. All the results of FEM confirm the excellent accuracy of the proposed analytical method.

The new equations presented in this paper can be applied for leakage flux evaluating purposes.

The diagnostics of electrical machines is a very important task. The paper seeks to present a study and analysis of stator winding asymmetry in induction motors. The purpose of this paper is presentation of coupling two numerical techniques, a finite element analysis and an artificial neural network, in diagnostics of electrical machines.

A finite element method (FEM) analysis and time‐stepping are applied for the study of IM with stator winding asymmetry. One of the asymmetry symptoms is an axial flux. In order to determine the level of winding asymmetry a generalized regression neural network has been considered. The result of FFT analysis of axial flux and electromagnetic torque was the input vector to artificial neural network. The output vector is the level of asymmetry. The algorithms are tested using a set data obtained from numerical simulation. The emphasis of this structure is on accurate approximation of the value of the stator winding asymmetry.

The axial flux, as the symptom of stator winding asymmetry, can contribute to better detection of the asymmetry in stator winding.

It is argued that the proposed method based on axial flux and electromagnetic torque is capable of performing detection of the asymmetry in stator winding. The generalized regression neural network can be used in health monitoring system as an inference module.

This paper aims to deal with a performance comparison of an 8/6 radial-flux switched reluctance machine (RFSRM) and an axial-flux switched reluctance machine (AFSRM), presenting equivalent active surfaces.

An axial machine was designed based on the equivalent active surfaces of a radial one. After estimating the machine inductances with a reluctance network, finite elements numerical models have been implemented for a more precise inductance determination and to estimate the electromagnetic torque for both machines. Finally, the AFSRM was thoroughly examined by analyzing the impact of some geometric parameters on its performance.

The comparison of the RFSRM and AFSRM at equivalent active surfaces showed that the obtained axial machine is more compact along with an improvement in the electromagnetic torque.

The equivalent AFSRM is more compact, therefore more interesting for transport and on-board applications.

The RFSRM and AFSRM performance comparison using the same active surfaces has not been done. Moreover, the AFSRM presented has a rare design with no rotor yoke and where the rotor teeth are encapsulated in a nonmagnetic structure, allowing a more compact design.

The purpose of this paper is the fast and accurate modelling of surface-mounted Axial-Flux Permanent-Magnet (AFPM) machines equipped with cylindrical magnets using quasi-3D approach. Furthermore, the accuracy of the method is improved by using leakage coefficient, saturation coefficient and an appropriate permeance function.

Quasi-3D approach is used for fast and accurate modelling of AFPM machines. Air-gap flux density distribution, induced back EMF, and produced cogging torque are calculated using the proposed method with reasonable accuracy.

The results obtained by quasi-3D approach compared to Finite-Element-Analyses (FEA) shows how accurate, fast and efficient this method is. It is proved that, this method can be successfully applied to evaluate the performance of the AFPM machines.

Effectiveness and accuracy of quasi-3D approach is assessed on different AFPM machines. Furthermore, to increase the accuracy of computations, the effects of the magnetic potential drop at iron parts of the machine are taken into account by using a saturation coefficient. Besides, the influence of the slot opening on the flux density distribution is taken into account by using an appropriate relative permeance function.