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This paper aims to present a research framework examining how hotel ratings can be affected by travel purposes (business vs leisure). It explores theoretical foundations, introduces hypotheses and outlines the methodology used in six studies to investigate connections between trip types, work-related factors, hotel ratings and other variables. The goal is to enhance understanding of factors influencing consumer hotel evaluations, with implications for hospitality industry service design and marketing strategies.

The study uses a multi-method approach to investigate the impact of trip type (business vs leisure) on hotel ratings. The theoretical framework is rooted in perceptual frameworks that shape the evaluation of travel experiences. The research proposes and tests several hypotheses through six studies, using diverse data sources and methods for enhanced reliability.

This study shows that business travelers consistently give lower hotel ratings than leisure travelers, with work-related concerns playing a crucial role. Consumers’ perceived lack of hospitality during a business trip diminishes work-related concerns and hotel ratings. Similarly, low empathy from hotel workers leads to reduced work concerns and lower ratings. The research provides actionable insights for hotel management to enhance services for business and leisure travelers, emphasizing the importance of addressing work-related considerations to improve overall satisfaction.

This study uniquely explores the contrasting influences of business and leisure travel on hotel evaluations, focusing on how work-related concerns mediate these relationships. By employing a comprehensive approach that includes secondary data, experiments, and sentiment analysis, it uncovers how business travelers' stressors lead to lower hotel ratings compared to leisure travelers who prioritize relaxation. The research introduces novel insights into how factors like extended stays and staff empathy can mitigate these negative effects, offering actionable recommendations for hotel management. This work enriches the hospitality literature by providing a deeper understanding of how trip types impact guest satisfaction and proposes targeted strategies to enhance service quality for different traveler segments.

本文提出了一个研究框架, 探讨酒店评分如何受旅行目的（商务与休闲）的影响。研究探讨了理论基础, 提出了假设, 并概述了六项研究中使用的方法, 以调查旅行类型、与工作相关的因素、酒店评分及其他变量之间的联系。本研究目标是加深对影响消费者酒店评价因素的理解, 对酒店行业的服务设计和营销策略具有重要意义。

研究采用多方法的路径, 探讨旅行类型（商务与休闲）对酒店评分的影响。理论框架基于感知框架, 以塑造了对旅行体验的评价。研究通过六项研究提出并测试了多个假设, 利用多种数据来源和方法以增强可靠性。

本研究表明, 商务旅客给出的酒店评分一贯低于休闲旅客, 工作相关的忧虑起着关键作用。消费者在商务旅行期间感受到的缺乏热情的款待会加重工作相关的忧虑, 降低酒店评分。同样, 酒店员工的低同理心会加剧工作忧虑, 导致评分降低。研究为酒店管理提供了可操作的见解, 以提升针对商务和休闲旅客的服务, 强调了解决工作相关考虑因素以提高整体满意度的重要性。

研究的优势在于方法多样性和样本量庞大, 增强了研究结果的可靠性和普遍性。多项研究的方法全面探讨了研究问题, 为学术界和酒店行业提供了宝贵的见解。

Objetivo-Este documento presenta un marco de investigación en el que se examina cómo las valoraciones de los hoteles pueden verse afectadas por el tipo de viaje (negocios vs. ocio). Explora los fundamentos teóricos, introduce hipótesis y esboza la metodología utilizada en seis estudios para investigar las conexiones entre los tipos de viaje, los factores relacionados con el trabajo, las valoraciones de los hoteles y otras variables. El objetivo es mejorar la comprensión de los factores que influyen en las evaluaciones hoteleras de los consumidores, con implicaciones para el diseño de servicios y las estrategias de marketing de la hostelería.

El estudio emplea un enfoque multimétodo para investigar el impacto del tipo de viaje (negocios vs. ocio) en las valoraciones de los hoteles. El marco teórico se fundamenta en los marcos de referencia sobre la percepción que conforman la evaluación de las experiencias de viaje. La investigación propone y prueba varias hipótesis a través de seis estudios, utilizando diversas fuentes de datos y métodos para mejorar la fiabilidad.

Este estudio demuestra que los viajeros de negocios dan sistemáticamente valoraciones más bajas a los hoteles que los viajeros de ocio, y que las preocupaciones relacionadas con el trabajo desempeñan un papel crucial. La falta de hospitalidad percibida por los consumidores durante un viaje de negocios disminuye las preocupaciones relacionadas con el trabajo y las valoraciones de los hoteles. Del mismo modo, la escasa empatía de los trabajadores de los hoteles hace que disminuyan las preocupaciones laborales y las valoraciones. La investigación ofrece ideas prácticas para que la dirección de los hoteles mejore los servicios a los viajeros de negocios y de ocio, haciendo hincapié en la importancia de abordar las consideraciones relacionadas con el trabajo para mejorar la satisfacción general.

La importancia de esta investigación reside en la diversidad metodológica y el amplio tamaño de la muestra, que aumentan la fiabilidad y generalizabilidad de los Resultados. El enfoque multiestudio explora de forma exhaustiva las preguntas de la investigación, proporcionando valiosas perspectivas para el mundo académico y la industria de la hostelería.

Digital platforms that offer on-demand gig work, while providing work opportunities in the economy, have raised social and economic concerns. Though extensive research on regulation of the gig economy exists, the effect of economic regulations on the welfare of the workers is not well understood. In this work, this paper aims to specifically study the effect of minimum wage and leisure regulations on the unemployment rate and offered wages. This paper also analyses the effect of up-skilling of the workers on unemployment and wages.

This paper builds an agent-based model of the labour market with heterogeneous workers and online platform firms that interact to match supply and demand. This paper also interviewed online workers in the two under-studied markets in online beauty and house maintenance services in India and included salient observations in to the model. This paper further validates the model findings with the interview observations.

Extensive simulations of the model indicate that the regulator's intervention on minimum wage and leisure reduces unemployment and offers better wages/leisure in the short term. However, these cannot be sustained unless the workers upgrade their skills, thereby improving their value to the employers. This paper also corroborates the authors’ interview observations on platforms deviating on stated worker contracts by simulating the same in the model. This paper finds that when platforms deviate on their stated incentive schemes, the unemployment rate tends to increase. This paper also finds that the emergence of online platforms in an erstwhile off-line market decreases the average unemployment rate with a moderate increase in the offered wage and leisure.

In this work, the focus has been to determine the worker-platform dyadic relationship. However, this is affected by consumer-related attributes such as ratings and associated reputation systems to promote trust between different stakeholders. Examining such a triadic relationship between consumers, platform and workers is required to comprehensively address the challenges of online gig economy.

Skilling and training are critical for worker mobility across tasks and jobs, especially in the gig economy. Gig workers, in general, seek to improve their skill level through self- or platform-enabled training programmes. The workers are able to generate more revenue through the new skills and hence can improve their reservation wage as well. This in turn increases average offered wages and reduces the overall unemployment in the sector. Despite attempts to classify gig workers as formal workers by labour laws across countries, there is resistance from online platforms. This is due to increased liability and responsibility that the platforms have to incur that possible increase their costs and expenses. This study shows that regulations, such as minimum leisure or minimum wage, increase the average wage or leisure in the market and increase unemployment. However, this might be a short-term phenomenon. In the long term, the gig workers benefit by enhancing their skills to not only stay employed but also bargain for better wages and leisure. The governments can play a larger role by facilitating upskilling programmes for the gig workers.

An extensive literature survey indicates that while most of the work on gig economy regulation emphasises the social and legal aspects, this work is unique in modeling the techno-economics of gig work. Further, while most of the economic research on gig work, focuses on consumers, this work focuses on the under-researched area of worker welfare. This paper also validates the model results with findings from the interviews with gig workers.

This chapter analyzes detailed 24-hour diary data from the United States to provide evidence on the relationship between workers' effort and well-being while at work. In doing so, we first measure workers' effort in terms of the amount of on-the-job leisure, number of on-the-job leisure episodes, and the time working until consuming on-the-job leisure. Second, we link these three measures of worker effort to data on instantaneous well-being while at work. We find that the less time devoted to on-the-job leisure and the number of on-the-job leisure episodes, and the more time workers spend working until on-the-job-leisure, the higher the levels of stress during their work tasks. In analyzing workers' effort and stress during market work activities, we contribute to the scant literature on the determinants of worker happiness while at work, positing the consumption and the frequency of on-the-job leisure as affective factors.

Work and leisure, as important activity domains, play important roles in the lives of individuals. However, most previous studies focused on only the interference and negative effects of work on leisure, with little focus on the facilitation of work and the positive effects of work on leisure. In view of the shortcomings of previous studies, this study focuses on the facilitation effect of work on leisure and its impact on individual psychology. This study aims to explore the relationship between work–leisure facilitation (WLF) and turnover intention and the role of positive emotions and perceived supervisor support in this relationship.

In this study, the method of multipoint data collection was adopted to measure the subjects; 180 employees were sampled for 5 consecutive working days, and a multilevel structural equation model was established for analysis.

The results show that WLF is negatively related to turnover intention, and positive emotions play a mediating role in this relationship. Perceived supervisor support significantly positively moderates not only the relationship between WLF and positive emotions but also the indirect effect of WLF on turnover intention through positive emotions.

Based on affective events theory, this study explored the relationship between WLF and turnover intention and its mechanism by using the daily diary sampling method for the first time, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. The results not only deepen the understanding of affective events theory but also provide management suggestions for reducing employees’ turnover intentions.

Recognition of the complexity of job embeddedness in the work environment has grown, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of the factors that contribute to this phenomenon. This study analyzed how and when job crafting and leisure crafting are linked to job embeddedness by investigating employee resilience as a mediator and employee adaptivity as a moderator.

Data were gathered from 568 Taiwanese hotel employees. The PROCESS macro was used to verify all hypotheses.

Both job crafting and leisure crafting increased job embeddedness. Employee resilience mediated the impacts of job and leisure crafting on job embeddedness. The positive relationship between employee resilience and job embeddedness was stronger when employee adaptivity was high. Employee adaptivity moderated the indirect impacts of job and leisure crafting on job embeddedness through employee resilience.

Hotel managers should foster a workplace culture that encourages employees to engage in job crafting. Additionally, managers can offer employee assistance programs to proactively encourage workers to participate in leisure crafting. Providing training and wellness programs to strengthen employee resilience, along with allocating resources and designing learning programs to enhance employee adaptability, can further promote job embeddedness.

This research contributes to the literature through the construction of a moderated mediation model that explored how and when job and leisure crafting affect job embeddedness.

The concept of bleisure is a tourism term that has emerged recently and has become popular. Participation of employees, especially managers and people in business who go on business trips, in leisure activities during their full-time business trips has revealed the bleisure trend. Although bleisure has emerged as a term in recent years, it has been seen that people combine vacations and business trips in previous years.

Considering the research on bleisure tourism, it is thought that bleisure tourism can be helpful to increase employee productivity. The fact that individuals who go on business trips very often are away from their family or friends can create a social deformation. However, people who go on business trips within the scope of bleisure tourism sometimes can take their close friends or family members with them. This provides extra motivation for bleisure tourists and increases work efficiency. However, it is beneficial to plan bleisure tourism. Excessive entertainment or shopping can lead to distraction, being late for work and being over budget on a business trip. For this reason, bleisure should be planned jointly with tourism agencies and companies.

Bleisure tourism will benefit business travellers, travel companies, hotels, restaurants, other tourism businesses and local people. For this reason, it is necessary to focus on studies related to bleisure tourism, a new tourism trend.

The aim of this research is to investigate the association between perceived overqualification and leisure crafting in the context of immigrants. Drawing on the cross-cultural adaptation theory, the study tests the moderating role that acculturation plays in this relationship.

Data were collected from a total of 226 immigrants living in Northern Cyprus. In the initial survey, data were collected on perceived overqualification and acculturation, which was followed by the measurement of leisure crafting. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling.

Perceived overqualification asserts a significantly positive impact on leisure crafting. Assuming that acculturation plays a moderating role, the research shows that the positive effect that perceived overqualification has on leisure crafting is increased in cases where positive acculturation is elevated as opposed to reduced.

The study results were based on self-reported surveys and data were limited to overqualified immigrant groups in Northern Cyprus.

The study provides significant practical implications for management teams. They can design managerial interventions to increase the acculturation of immigrants, which may in turn reduce the perceived overqualification and increase the positive impact of leisure crafting. Also, the government needs to implement policies targeted at immigrants in order to help them rapidly adapt to the host society.

This research will be a pioneering attempt to explore the positive relationship between perceived overqualification and leisure crafting. The results suggest actions that can be taken to promote leisure crafting behaviors through the use of acculturation to enhance organizational commitment, belongingness to the host society, and well-being in overqualified immigrants.

The importance and value of the leisure phenomenon are becoming more prominent daily as it becomes a determining indicator of both qualities of life and social welfare. The COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused severe disruptions in the lifestyles of individuals, has also made it inevitable to face the emergence of sociocultural conditions in which traditional daily life routines have disappeared and the reorganisation of the leisure space. In line with the conditions mentioned earlier, the characteristics of the ‘new’ and the ‘old’ have started to come together in the daily lives and leisure spaces of individuals in constant conflict. Under these conditions, individuals who spent their leisure time travelling from one place to another before the pandemic had to choose different leisure options. Therefore, the leisure space, which is an integral part of the social life of today's individual, has evolved into an unthinkable position independently of the COVID-19 pandemic effects. From this point of view, this study aims to examine the transformation of the leisure space due to the COVID-19 pandemic within the framework of previous studies on this subject and to discuss it in the context of sustainability. For this purpose, firstly, a general framework is drawn on the historical development of the leisure concept, and then its relationship with the COVID-19 pandemic is evaluated. In the last part of the study, the new forms of leisure that have emerged due to the process, as mentioned earlier, are discussed over the critical issues in ensuring the sustainability of leisure practices.

This research aims to find which components of Decent Work are associated with Subjective Well-Being.

With data from 2021 from the states of Mexico, econometric models are carried out.

It is found that disposable income and satisfaction with leisure time have a significant positive relationship with employees' Subjective Well-Being. Likewise, the rate of critical occupancy conditions and informality rate have a significant negative relationship with Subjective Well-Being. The research suggests that influencing the Decent Work conditions of the population in Mexico could favour their Subjective Well-Being.

Share guidelines that enable employers and governments to establish strategies and policies that promote Decent Work to increase the Subjective Well-being of employees.

This article evaluates different variables that make up the Decent Work construct in their level of influence on Subjective Well-being. These relationships and variables considered have not been identified in previous studies as a whole.

We make use of rich microdata from the Belgian MEqIn survey, which contains detailed information on individual consumption, public consumption inside households, and time use. We explain the observed household behavior by means of a collective model that integrates marriage market restrictions on intrahousehold allocation patterns. We adopt a revealed preference approach that abstains from any functional form assumptions on individual utility functions or intrahousehold decision processes. This allows us to (set) identify the sharing rule, which governs the intrahousehold sharing of time and money, and to quantify economies of scale within households. We use these results to conduct a robust individual welfare and inequality analysis, hereby highlighting the important role of detailed consumption and time use data.