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In recent decades, there has been an important growth of Latin American cities; therefore, the demand for resources and services has increased for cities to function and meet the needs of their inhabitants. Latin American cities are growing rapidly and this process affects the quality of life of citizens. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the logistics of an area of the city of Lima, Peru; through the analysis of the practices of the last mile distribution, and in this way, contribute with information that can be used for decision-making and for the proposal of public policies that improve the efficiency of logistics operations in the area.

Regarding the methodology applied, first, we identified the district to be analyzed using marketing information from the districts of Lima. Next, the authors collected information using forms following the methodology of the last Mile/Km²-MIT. Finally, the project planning finished in 15 days.

It was found that most of the stores in the area are nanostores that sell diverse products, the community does not have parking lots or loading and unloading areas and the majority of deliveries are made to wholesalers and supermarkets. In addition, a relationship between business density and the traffic congestion was identified and taxis are the most widely used means of distribution of goods. Most of the streets do not have signage, they are mainly one-way and do not have exclusive routes for public transportation.

Due to not having georeference information about the specific stores location and statistics data about its suppliers, the research results may show a primarily scope. Based on the results, the authors are encouraged to do more research using data analytics as in the next steps.

The paper reinforces the importance and challenge of working collaboration between suppliers, owners and local government.

The paper provides opportunities to create new policies, as well as an incentive plan for personal workers, suppliers and ecosolution proposals.

Currently, as per the authors’ knowledge, there is no varied literature that characterizes and analyzes the logistic profile of the districts of Lima city and serves as a basis for the implementation of solutions and public policies.

El objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar la logística de un área de la ciudad de Lima, Perú; a través del análisis de las prácticas de la distribución de la última milla y, de esta manera, contribuir con información que se puede utilizar para la toma de decisiones y para la propuesta de políticas públicas que mejoren la eficiencia de las operaciones logísticas en el área.

Con respecto a la metodología aplicada, primero, se identificó el distrito a analizar utilizando información de mercadeo de los distritos de Lima; a continuación, se recopiló información utilizando formularios siguiendo la metodología de la última milla/Km²-MIT; finalmente, la planificación del proyecto terminó en 15 días.

Se encontró que la mayoría de los establecimientos son pequeñas tiendas que venden productos diversos, no tienen estacionamientos o áreas de carga y descarga y la mayoría de las entregas se realizan a mayoristas y supermercados. Además, existe una relación entre la densidad comercial y la congestión de tráfico, siendo los taxis los medios de distribución más utilizados. La mayoría de las calles no tienen señalización, son de un solo sentido y no tienen carriles exclusivos para el transporte público. Estos hallazgos son relevantes para la implementación de políticas públicas para la mejora de la infraestructura y eficiencia de las operaciones logísticas.

Actualmente no existe una literatura variada que caracterice y analice el perfil logístico de los distritos de la ciudad de Lima y sirva de base para la implementación de soluciones y políticas públicas.

Palabras clave Planificación, Planeamiento urbano, Distribución, Submegaciudades, Megaciudades, Urbanismo, Recursos

Artículo de investigación

O objetivo desta investigação é caracterizar a logística de uma área da cidade de Lima, Peru; através da análise das práticas de distribuição da última milha e, desta forma, contribuir com informações que possam ser utilizadas na tomada de decisão e pela proposição de políticas públicas que melhorem a eficiência das operações logísticas na área.

Com relação à metodologia aplicada, primeiro, o distrito a ser analisado foi identificado usando informações de marketing dos distritos de Lima; em seguida, as informações foram coletadas por meio de formulários seguindo a metodologia da última milha/Km²-MIT; finalmente, o planejamento do projeto terminou em 15 dias.

Constatou-se que a maioria das lojas comercializa diversos produtos, não possui estacionamentos ou áreas de carga e descarga e sendo a maioria das entregas realizadas para atacadistas e supermercados. Além disso, existe uma relação entre a densidade comercial e o congestionamento de tráfego, sendo os táxis os meios de distribuição mais utilizados. A maioria das ruas não possui sinalização, são de sentido único e não possuem pistas exclusivas para o transporte público. Essas constatações são relevantes para a implementação de políticas públicas para melhorar a infraestrutura e a eficiência das operações logísticas.

Atualmente não existe uma literatura variada que caracterize e analise o perfil logístico dos distritos da cidade de Lima e sirva de base para a implementação de soluções e políticas públicas.

Palavras-chave Planejamento, Planejamento urbano, Distribuição, Sub megacidades, Megacidades, Planejamento urbano, Recursos

Artigo de pesquisa

This paper aims to explain variations in store brand penetration using trust. It aims to help both retailers and manufacturers predict store brand purchases through an improved understanding of the impact of trust in store brands across 10 different store brand product categories and among nine different grocery retailers.

Data were collected through a telephone survey of 904 participants responsible for the household grocery shopping with a quota of 100 respondents from each of the nine leading grocery retailers in Greece.

The findings provide empirical support that store brand purchases are positively influenced by the consumers’ perceived level of trust toward the retailer’s store brands. Results also confirmed variations in store brand penetration across the ten product categories that were tested, variations among the retailers and variations in the level of trust.

This paper is adding to the store brand literature from a quantitative perspective and is contributing to the theory, as there is no clear theoretical view on the effect of trust on store brand purchases.

El objetivo de este artículo es explicar las variaciones que se producen en la adopción y penetración de la marca de distribución a partir de la confianza que los consumidores depositan en esta. Con ello se pretende ayudar tanto a los distribuidores como a los fabricantes en la predicción de las compras de marcas de distribución a través del impacto de la confianza en diez categorías de producto distintas y diferentes cadenas de distribución de alimentación.

Se recogen datos a través de encuestas telefónicas a una muestra de 904 individuos responsables de la compra de productos de alimentación en el hogar distribuidos equitativamente entre las nueve marcas líderes de distribución alimentaria en Grecia.

Los resultados empíricos obtenidos apoyan el planteamiento del trabajo de que las compras de marcas de distribución están influidas positivamente por el nivel de confianza que los consumidores manifiestan hacia las mismas. Los resultados también confirman que la variación en el grado de penetración de las marcas de distribución en las distintas categorías de productos y cadenas de supermercados analizadas viene explicada por las variaciones en los niveles de confianza manifestados.

Este trabajo contribuye a la literatura de las marcas de distribución no sólo en aspectos teóricos sino también empíricos al no existir hasta la fecha un posicionamiento teórico claro sobre el efecto de la confianza en la adquisición de las marcas de distribución.

The aim of this research is to investigate the factors affecting consumers’ willingness to buy private label brands (PLBs). The relationships among store image, familiarity with PLBs, consumers’ perceptions of PLB quality, risk, price consciousness and attitude towards PLBs are examined. Finally, the relationship between attitude towards, and willingness to buy PLB is explored.

Self-administered questionnaire was distributed to shoppers at Carrefour operating in Cairo, Egypt. The data obtained from 265 respondents were examined using structural equation modelling (analysis of moment structures) version 22, which empirically test the hypothesised relations established in the research conceptual model.

With the exception of perceived risk, the results suggest that all consumers’ perceptual and attitudinal factors affect directly or indirectly consumers’ willingness to buy PLB.

This study is limited to international hypermarket/supermarket operating in Egypt. So the findings should be exercised with cautious while attempting to generalise the research results.

Retail managers should focus on the enhancement of both store image and familiarity with PLBs to leverage consumers’ perceptions with respect to PLBs quality and risk to achieve differentiation and to increase sales.

This is one of the few studies that investigate the role of familiarity with PLBs in a developing context. In doing so, it proposes that familiarity with PLBs directly affects consumers’ perceived quality and perceived risk, while it indirectly influences consumers’ willingness to buy PLBs.

El propósito de este trabajo es el de analizar los factores que afectan a la predisposición de los consumidores a comprar marcas de distribución. Es por ello que se examina la estructura de relaciones existentes entre la imagen de la tienda, la familiaridad con las marcas de distribución, las percepciones de calidad y riesgo así como la conciencia de precio y su posterior efecto en actitudes hacia las marcas de distribución y la predisposición de compra.

Se distribuyeron cuestionarios auto-administrados entre compradores de la cadena Carrefour en El Cairo, Egipto. Los datos proporcionados por 265 individuos fueron analizados con ecuaciones estructurales (AMOS) para contrastar empíricamente las relaciones planteadas en el modelo conceptual propuesto.

Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que todos los factores actitudinales y perceptuales de los consumidores afectan directa o indirectamente a la disposición de los consumidores a adquirir marcas de distribución, excepto la percepción del riesgo.

Este estudio se limita a las cadenas de supermercados e hipermercados que operan en Egipto, por lo que los resultados obtenidos tienen una limitada generalización fuera de este contexto.

Los directivos de los detallistas deben centrar sus esfuerzos en ensalzar la imagen de la tienda y la familiaridad con las marcas de distribución con el propósito de influir en las percepciones de calidad y riesgo que los consumidores tienen sobre ellas con el fin último de lograr una diferenciación y un incremento de las ventas.

Este estudio es uno de los pocos que investiga el papel que ejerce la familiaridad con las marcas de distribución en países en vías de desarrollo. Propone que la familiaridad afecta directamente a la percepción de calidad y riesgo de los consumidores e influye indirectamente en la disposición de los consumidores a comprar las marcas de distribución.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse a representative sample of hypermarkets and supermarkets working in the Portuguese market, using a benchmark procedure to compare companies that compete in the same market and thereby deriving managerial and policy implications.

A two‐stage procedure to benchmark the companies was adopted. In the first stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used and in the second stage a Tobit model is employed to estimate the efficient drivers.

First, that, on average, the efficiency of hypermarket and supermarket retail companies is high compared with that to be found in other sectors. Second, larger retail groups are, on average, more efficient than the smaller retailers, and third, that national retailers are on average more efficient than regional retailers. Finally, scale plays an important role in this market. The efficiency drivers are market share, number of outlets and location. Finally, regulation has a negative effect on efficiency.

This paper has two limitations. The first is in relation to the data set, and the second in relation to the DEA method. With reference to the data set, the homogeneity of the retailers used in the analysis is questionable, since retailers of different sizes, production characteristics and locations are compared, which may face different restrictions and therefore might not be considered to be directly comparable. However, it can always be claimed that the units are not comparable and that it would consequently be equally impossible to undertake a ratio analysis. Moreover, the data set is short, so that the conclusions are limited. For the conclusions to be generalised, a larger panel data set would be required.

These can be separated into managerial and competitive – more importantly, the latter with its implications for the retailing industry and its future evolution.

Clarifies two issues: the changes in the fortunes of the retail companies, as observed in their sales volume ranking, and the need to look for the causes of retail efficiency, apart from internal managerial procedures.

Many studies have analyzed the retail and distribution systems in transitional economies, either from a general perspective or by analyzing specific countries. However, only a few, if any, have analyzed the situation and changes taking place in the Cuban market. The purpose of this paper is to provide a current overview of Cuban wholesaling distribution and retailing for consumer products. It examines the challenges that are taking place in the wholesale and retail distribution system in the country and describes the sharp contrast between the state of retailing in Cuba before and after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The research is principally exploratory, based on fieldwork and in‐depth interviews carried out in Cuba during the first semester of 2003.

The analysis presents a fast‐paced evolution process in the Cuban distribution system. Cuban retail durable and non‐durable consumer goods market presents two different distribution structures: one in Cuban pesos, formed by the traditional socialist retail system, and a growing second structure formed by the new stores and wholesalers operating in US dollars. The dollar market encompasses many semi‐autonomous government‐owned and operated companies, vertically integrated, with store sales totaling over $1.4 billion in 2002.

The paper concludes by discussing the current and future opportunities for brand manufacturers and exporters, and the close relationship between Cuban retailing and tourism.

The aim of the paper is to estimate the cost efficiency of supermarket chains in the Spanish retailing industry.

The methodology applied is based on a random stochastic frontier model that enables separation of the covariates in the cost function into homogeneous and heterogeneous variables. The methodology is applied to panel data on a sample of 78 supermarket chains between 2001 and 2004.

The results reveal high levels of cost inefficiency in the Spanish retail sector. The results also reveal that the random frontier models better describe Spanish retailers than homogeneous frontier models.

The generalisation of the conclusions of the study to the whole sector should be made with caution, given the fact that only one of the players in the distribution channel has been analysed.

Managers should be aware of the importance that cost efficiency has for their own firms. Further, a common government retailing policy will be unable to reach all retailing companies, since heterogeneity exists.

For the first time, the cost efficiency of the intermediaries in the Spanish retailing sector is studied.

Consider this proposition: The object of a business is to understand its customers’ needs and value chain, and to be the first and therefore most profitable to innovate to meet these needs and enhance the customers’ value. Such a management attitude would, we believe, lead to a series of judgements.

This study aims to find evidence of a possible relationship between three constructs that are generally investigated separately: entrepreneurial orientation, understood as entrepreneurship on the organizational level; marketing capability, seen as a highly competitive factor for the organization; and business performance, highlighted as a focus of the entire organization.

A survey-based quantitative approach was adopted with a cross-sectional temporal perspective. To arrive at results that can be compared, the study uses factor analysis and structural equations modeling techniques, with estimations of maximum likelihood for testing the quality of fit of the measures to the structural models, using SPSS 21 and AMOS 16 software. Data were collected at the 27th EXPOSUPER, which is a trade fair at which 35,000 visitors were present. The data collection instrument used is a questionnaire previously validated by Reis Neto et al. (2013a). The first section covers control variables chosen to profile the firms, the second contains entrepreneurial orientation variables, the third comprises marketing capability variables and the fourth section contains business performance variables, all using seven-point Likert response scales.

Tests of the entrepreneurial orientation measurement scale produced interesting results in this application within the retail supermarket industry. The results of exploratory factor analysis indicated that a scale with three dimensions was significant. The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and marketing capability (H1) is positive, through the intermediate dimensions of innovation, proactiveness and risk-taking, used by firms’ management, contributing to their efforts to research and manage the market, to develop products and services and to offer better prices. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis showed that four of the scale’s dimensions of the marketing capability were significant: market research, market management, new product development and pricing. Comparison of these results with those of Reis Neto et al. (2013a) reveals a difference, as although their result, achieved using structural equations modeling, also had four factors; the promotion dimension was the most significant and absorbed the other variables. Despite these differences, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations modeling demonstrated that this construct met the minimum conditions for adequacy, where (H2), formulated to test the relationship between the marketing capability construct, was confirmed. The final construct analyzed in this study was business performance, initially suggested by González-Benito et al. (2009), and also used by Reis Neto et al. (2013a). They used the dimensions profitability, market value and market response, and in the present study, after exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations modeling, the results were identical to those authors results, in that (H3), formulated with the objective of testing the relationship between the entrepreneurial orientation construct and business performance, was confirmed, and although this was not the most robust of the relationships postulated in the three hypotheses, but was of lower significance.

Although this study has achieved its objective, one of the study’s limitations relates to the data collection instrument, which was subject to failures in terms of the number of variables to be analyzed in each dimension. This led to elimination of certain dimensions during the analyses. Another limitation is related to the method used in the study. When questionnaires are used as data collection instruments, respondents often may not understand the true meaning of questions, which could lead them to choose any option, thereby stripping the results of credibility. In view of this limitation, it is suggested that future researchers conduct qualitative studies, using the case study method, which could offer greater clarity and increase understanding of the results related to these subjects. Even considering that this study has certain limitations and restrictions affecting generalization, it is hoped that it raises new questions, interests and inspirations, improving and complementing understanding of this strong social and economic sector.

It is identify the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and marketing capability, since to date there is no evidence from studies confirming the existence of such a relationship. This statement was based on the results of a bibliographic survey conducted using the ProKnow-C, knowledge development process-constructivist methodology, in which, this originality was positive and significant, offering new studies from this point of view.

South American countries have experienced the arrival of large US and European retailers that attempt to occupy an important position in these markets. Nonetheless, the situation in Chile differs from its neighboring countries. The largest retailers in Chile are local family businesses that have established themselves as legitimate organizations and are well regarded in the Chilean business community. Based on an analysis of the three major sectors of retailing in Chile, this paper describes the actions taken by Chilean retailers to defend themselves effectively against the attempts of foreign retailers to operate in their market, and the outcomes resulting from this process. By having to deal with strong local and foreign competition, Chilean retailers imitated the best practices of foreign competitors and learned to adapt their retail offer to satisfy the local customers' needs.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the evolution of the production and commercialisation of organic products in Brazil since 1980.

The literature review in this study assesses scientific papers, studies conducted by Brazilian and international institutions, and trade news related to the evolution of the production and commercialisation of organic products. The analysis is based on theories of consumer behaviour and competitive strategies.

The results provide evidence that the organic food market in Brazil was initially based on social ideology and a movement that was opposed to conventional farming; however, since 1980, the supply and demand patterns have changed. The commercialisation of organic products since the turn of the decade has expanded beyond ideological motivation and into the Brazilian agribusiness sector. The main reasons for this expansion are changes in preferences by the Brazilian consumer, a substantial number of whom have become more concerned with the nutritional value and quality of the food they eat. This study also demonstrates that in Brazil, as well as in other countries, organic products have become a market trend.

The limited research material concerning the ideological aspects of production and trading of organic products is a factor to be considered with respect to this study.

The presentation of comparative elements for two phases of organic agricultural development in Brazil, especially by the establishment of comparative elements, provide value and originality to this study.