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A striking feature of Jaques' work is his “no nonsense” attitude to the “manager‐subordinate” relationship. His blunt account of the origins of this relationship seems at first sight to place him in the legalistic “principles of management” camp rather than in the ranks of the subtler “people centred” schools. We shall see before long how misleading such first impressions can be, for Jaques is not making simplistic assumptions about the human psyche. But he certainly sees no point in agonising over the mechanism of association which brings organisations and work‐groups into being when the facts of life are perfectly straightforward and there is no need to be squeamish about them.

The purpose of this review is to integrate and organize past research findings on affective, normative and continuance occupational commitment (OC) within an integrative framework based on central life span concepts.

The authors identified and systematically analyzed 125 empirical articles (including 138 cases) that examined OC with a content valid measure to the here applied definition of OC. These articles provided information on the relationship between OC and four distinct life span concepts: chronological age, career stages, occupational and other life events, and occupational and other life roles. Furthermore, developmental characteristics of OC in terms of construct stability and malleability were reviewed.

The reviewed literature allowed to draw conclusions about the mentioned life span concepts as antecedents and outcomes of OC. For example, age and tenure is more strongly positively related to continuance OC than to affective and normative OC, nonlinear and moderating influences seem to be relevant in the case of the latter OC types. The authors describe several other findings within the results sections.

OC represents a developmental construct that is influenced by employees’ work- and life-related progress, associated roles, as well as opportunities and demands over their career. Analyzing OC from such a life span perspective provides a new angle on the research topic, explaining inconsistencies in past research and giving recommendation for future studies in terms of dynamic career developmental thinking.

The purpose of this paper is to understand how theoretical lenses have been used to analyze the supply chain integration (SCI) theory. Furthermore, this paper elaborates theories derived from SCI research, in the form of propositions and a framework to explain the concept of the broader span of SCI.

This paper is based on a systematic review of 194 research articles from Q1 to Q4 international journals over the period 1980–2017. Issues are explored under the integration keywords: “supply chain integration,” “internal integration,” “supplier integration,” “customer integration,” “third party logistics integration” and “logistics service provider integration.”

Conceptually, SCI can be interpreted as a span that illustrates the internal integration of the focal organization, and the integration of the focal organization with suppliers, logistics service providers (LSPs) and customers. However, the result from the systematic literature review shows the SCI’s span still neglects LSPs. Based on that gap, a resource-based view (RBV) integrated with the resource dependence theory (RDT) is used to propose a broader SCI span that consists of internal, supplier, LSP and customer. Using both theories, this paper conceptualizes resources, dependence and uncertainty as the antecedents of the broader span of SCI.

This paper provides a theoretical contribution that integrates the RBV and RDT as a basis for developing the broader span of SCI.

The third term has been expressed as but in wind tunnel work it is often more convenient to measure were the omission of the dash signifies that the moment is now measured about a wind axis. The two quantities are very closely related and the measurement of one tells us almost as much as if the two were known. The latter, however, tells us either directly or indirectly what effect the addition of fin and rudder will have on the autorotation properties of the wings alone. The damping of fin and rudder being due essentially to the air flow meeting them at an angle on account of the rotation it should theoretically be possible to deduce this dynamic quantity from a simple static test of moment due to yaw angle. An experiment to test this was carried out several years ago but the static test did not give any approximation to the truth. This was ascribed at the time to the shielding of fin and rudder by the tail plane in the rotative experiment and subsequent work has amply confirmed this view. It is now known that shielding by the tail plane is by far the most important factor in determining the efficiency of the vertical surfaces at high angles of attack.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the inter-organisational dynamics, in terms of the triggers to spin-off formation and the genealogical inheritance of spin-offs, between a parent characterised by an adverse event and the spin-offs that emerge. The study focusses on the nature of the triggering event, exploring the heterogeneous nature of the processes by which some spin-offs are formed to exploit new opportunities created unexpectedly by an adverse event, and on the genealogical inheritance that forms the pre-entry experience of the founder.

A case study based on interview data with founders of spin-offs, supplemented with interviews with managers and industry experts, and with secondary data sources. The case study is of the spin-offs from a successful firm, Élan Corporation, reported to be the world’s 20th largest drug firm in 2002, that experienced an adverse event in 2002. The Élan case offers the opportunity to focus exclusively on what Buenstorf (2009) refers to as necessity spin-offs. Prior to collecting data it was necessary to identify the population of spin-offs from Élan.

This study extends existing research by identifying “opportunistic spin-offs”: spin-offs that occur in the wake of an adverse event where the entrepreneur exploits an unexpected opportunity to engage in entrepreneurship but does not feel compelled to establish the spin-off. These spin-offs are characterised by “unexpected opportunities”, “opportunistic acquisition of assets” and, perhaps reflecting the seniority and experience of those involved, “alternative employment opportunities”.

Understanding the process of spin-off formation is important because it provides insight into how and why individuals initiate new ventures. Spin-offs are an important source of new firms and an important mechanism in the process of industry evolution. The study contributes to the literature on spin-offs by providing evidence of the heterogeneous nature of spin-offs that occur in the aftermath of an adverse event, leading to the classification of some spin-offs as “opportunistic spin-offs”. The study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by demonstrating that an important trigger for venture creation is unexpected changes in an individual’s employment circumstances.

The aging workforce is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s labor market. However, most scientific research and organizational policies focus on chronological age as the main determinant of successful aging. Based on life span developmental theories – primarily socioemotional selectivity theory and motivational theory of life span development – the purpose of this paper is to test the added value of using subjective age – in terms of remaining opportunities and remaining time – over and above chronological age in their associations with motivation at work and motivation to work.

Workers from five different divisions throughout the Netherlands (n=186) from a taxi company participated in the survey study.

The results from the regression analyses and structural equation modeling analyses support the hypotheses: when subjective age was included in the models, chronological age was virtually unrelated to workers’ intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and motivation to continue to work for one’s organization. Moreover, subjective age was strongly related to work motivation. Specifically, workers who perceived many remaining opportunities were more intrinsically and extrinsically motivated, and those who perceived a lot of remaining time were more motivated across the board.

The findings indicate that subjective age is an important concept to include in studies focussing on successful aging, thereby contributing to life span developmental theories. Further implications for research and practice are discussed.

A modified two-strand spinning system is described in this study. This system differs from other two-strand spinning systems in that it has a pair of intennittent notch roller placed above the convergence point. The notch roller cyclically alters the number of twist in the two strands above the convergence point and increases the level of strand-twist in the folded structure below the convergence point. This leads to increased trapping of surface fibres so that the hairiness of the resultant yam can be reduced and its abrasion resistance improved. A mathematical analysis of this modified two-strand spinning system is presented in this part of the series.

As the workforce is aging and becoming increasingly age diverse, successful aging at work has been proclaimed to be a desirable process and outcome, as well as a responsibility of both workers and their organizations. In this chapter, we first review, compare, and critique theoretical frameworks of successful aging developed in the gerontology and lifespan developmental literatures, including activity, disengagement, and continuity theories; Rowe and Kahn’s model; the resource approach; the model of selective optimization with compensation; the model of assimilative and accommodative coping; the motivational theory of lifespan development; socioemotional selectivity theory; and the strength and vulnerability integration model. Subsequently, we review and critically compare three conceptualizations of successful aging at work developed in the organizational literature. We conclude the chapter by outlining implications for future research on successful aging at work.

In this paper a comprehensive survey of spinning phenomena is attempted. The presentation is elementary in character, starting with the simple geometry of the spin, then dealing with autorotation, including wing‐dropping tendencies, passing on then to a consideration of aerodynamic pitching and yawing moments, and finally some attention is given in turn to the incipient spin, the steady spin and recovery. The arguments are in the main qualitative so that a student of the subject may first familiarise himself with the fundamental principles. A bibliography is given which includes all the important papers published on the subject within the last few years, together with a few which are now more of historical interest. Most of these reports emanate from the A.R.C. and N.A.C.A. and due acknowledgment is made of the source of some of the experiments which have been taken in illustration of the points made. Although not the urgent problem that it once was, the subject of the spinning of aeroplanes continues to occupy a prominent place in the programmes of various research establishments, both here and abroad. Because both of the complexity of the phenomena involved and of the great importance that an ultimate solution should be found it has continued to be since the war one of the most difficult and protracted problems in aeronautics. Owing to the body of experimental data which has been gradually built up, model and full scale, designers now know what peculiar properties in an aeroplane are liable to prove dangerous as far as recovery is concerned. There is unfortunately no mathematical precision about this process and the fact that machines can still be built which, unless they are tested in the spinning tunnel and the necessary modifications made, might become uncontrollable in a spin should be sufficient to indicate that a final solution is far front having been achieved. It seems exceedingly unlikely that there will ever be sufficient experimental evidence to enable a designer to predict confidently that his machine, if it be perfectly orthodox, will not have some vicious spinning tendency. On the other hand, any designer could build a perfectly safe aeroplane from the point of view of spinning if due regard had not to be paid to other items of performance and safety. The necessity for compromise in design becomes a major problem when spinning is one of the factors that have to be taken into account. There is ample evidence that this problem is being resolutely tackled by designers. All the same, the present position cannot be regarded as satisfactory and, unless some new device is produced which will remove autorotation from the possible regimes of an aeroplane, we must continue to progress along already well‐tried lines.

Experiments with Modified Tail Units.—Experiments have been performed with 1/15th scale models of the original single‐seater fighter and 1/20th scale models of the Bristol Fighter with a view to improving their spinning properties by redesigning the tail unit. The experiments with the fighter models were mainly directed at investigating the spinning characteristics of the original and deepened models to see whether the overall effects of the deepened fuselage and raised tail plane would bear out the encouraging conclusions drawn from the wind tunnel work. The scope of the experiments was somewhat limited, but all results indicated that slower and steeper spins and very much more rapid recoveries might be expected from the deepened fighter.