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Two 10W30 mineral‐base phosphorus containing (commercial) and phosphorus‐free (P‐Free) crankcase oils were tested in the engine dynamometer for the poisoning effects on a catalytic converter and emission‐engine’s performance. The emission results of the two oils were compared with and without a catalytic converter, including the light‐off temperature of the catalyst. Surface characterisation was used to determine accumulated catalyst poisoning from the oil additives. The performance analysis shows that the catalytic converter lowers the torque and power for the commercial and P‐Free oils, whereas the specific fuel consumption increases for both oils in the presence of the catalytic converter. In both cases of the presence and the absence of catalytic converter the torque, power and specific fuel consumption remain the same for phosphorus containing and P‐Free oils. The presence of the catalytic converter shows lower HC and CO and higher CO₂ emissions for both P‐Free and commercial oils. Surface characterisation using x‐ray microanalysis techniques of Scanning Electron Microscopy and indicated residual amounts of poisons, predominantly P, Ca, S and Zn deposited on the catalyst.

Through the use of computer simulation of three biogeochemical cycles—carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus—we have shown that DDT poisoning of ocean producers (plants) can cause their growth to be limited by nitrogen, whereas ordinarily it is limited by phosphorus. We must qualify what we have shown because we restricted the simulation by representing only two ecosystems (ocean and land), by using simplified equations for some flow rates, and finally by estimating data for some biomass values and for some flow rates. In order to remove some of the restrictions on the simulation, we are extending it so that we may include in it knowledge of our own, of ecologists, and of systems analysts. By extending it, we are increasing our ability for using it to understand, and consequently to predict and control, the behavior of the interacting biogeochemical cycles of the world.

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and phosphorus are pollutants that can cause a wide array of negative environmental impacts. Phosphorus is a regulated pollutant in many industrial countries, while PPCPs are widely unregulated. Many technologies designed to remove phosphorus from wastewater can remove PPCPs, therefore the purpose of this paper is to explore the ability of these technologies to also reduce the emission of unregulated PPCPs.

Through meta-analysis, the authors use the PPCPs’ risk quotient (RQ) to measure and compare the effectiveness of different wastewater treatment technologies. The RQ data are then applied via a case study that uses phosphorus effluent regulations to determine the ability of the recommended technologies to also mitigate PPCPs.

The tertiary membrane bioreactor and nanofiltration processes recommended to remove phosphorus can reduce the median RQ from PPCPs by 71 and 81 percent, respectively. The ultrafiltration technology was estimated to reduce the median RQ from PPCPs by 28 percent with no cost in addition to the costs expected under the current phosphorus effluent regulations. RQ reduction is expected with a membrane bioreactor and the cost of upgrading to this technology was found to be $11.76 per capita/year.

The authors discuss the management implications, including watershed management, alternative PPCPs reduction strategies, and water quality trading.

The evaluation of the co-management of priority and emerging pollutants illuminates how the removal of regulated pollutants from wastewater could significantly reduce the emission of unregulated PPCPs.

The management of dietary phosphorus in chronic kidney disease patients is an important issue. Phosphorus is often found with protein in foods. However, excessive protein restriction worsens the nutritional status of the patient; thus, phosphorus must be selectively restricted. This study aims to assess the effects of various pretreatments readily available in ordinary households on phosphorus loss in foodstuffs.

This study evaluated the retention of phosphorus in cooked chicken meat (boiled, baked, steamed and microwaved). In addition, this study incorporated various pretreatments (pounding, stabbing, cutting and enzymatic treatment) to the method exhibiting the lowest phosphorus retention (boiling) and assessed the effects on phosphorus retention.

Boiling (65%, vs baking, p < 0.001; vs steaming, p = 0.013; vs microwaving, p = 0.002) of the chicken meat resulted in the lowest phosphorus retention compared to the other cooking methods (baking [89%], steaming [73%] and microwaving [75%]). In addition, stabbing (58%, p = 0.009) or cutting (46%, p < 0.001) further reduced the retention of phosphorus in boiled chicken meat. The retention of phosphorus in enzyme-pretreated boiled chicken was reduced by approximately 10% compared to untreated chicken (p = 0.01). The cooking method that reduced phosphorus retention to the greatest extent was enzyme treatment prior to cutting and boiling.

This paper investigates the effects of common household cooking methods and combinations of methods on the phosphorus content of meat.

This paper sets out to observe the changes occurring during thermal processing of Na₂CO₃ and FePO₄ · 2H₂O in control trials, then analyses the influence on availability of phosphorus compounds in comparison with pure FePO₄ · 2H₂O.

Control trials of Na₂CO₃/FePO₄ · 2H₂O with molar ratios in the range 0.5‐5.0 were heated to a temperature of 850°C, then calcined within 3 hours without mixing. Cooled products were submitted for chemical analysis regarding the content of phosphorus soluble in cold water, 0.4 percent HCl, 2 percent citric acid and aqua regia as well as crystallographic identification.

The addition of Na₂CO₃ significantly increases the availability of phosphorus compounds from FePO₄ · 2H₂O. The total amount of phosphorus in control trials after the calcining process is soluble in cold water, citric acid and HCl. The molar ratios used affect the type of crystalline phase formation only in the case of a molar ratio near to 1.0. Near‐perfect phosphorus availability in hematite phase formation was observed.

These preliminary results confirm the necessity for further investigation of the addition of Na₂CO₃ into industrial sewage sludge before the calcining process. The results may allow for a decrease in energy use during the combustion process and may create the possibility of recovering phosphorus compounds from ash using only cold water instead of mineral acids during the extraction process.

This paper is a new source of information about phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge.

To determine the influence of alkali components (especially Ca compounds) on the hematite phase formation during thermal processing of sewage sludge and the observation of transformations proceeding at different ratios of Ca to FePO₄.

The model compositions were heated to temperatures of 600°C and 950°C, then calcined within 3 hours without mixing. Cooled products were subjected chemical analysis regarding the content of phosphorus that was soluble in cold water, 0.4 per cent HCl, 2 percent citric acid and aqua regia as well as crystallographic identification.

On calcining at 600°C, CaO reacts with FePO₄, forming hydroxylapatite. The hematite phase which is insoluble in mineral acids crystallizes above 600°C. Further increasing the calcining temperature leads to transformations resulting in Ca₉Fe(PO₄)₇ and hematite formation. Molar ratios of CaO to FePO₄ · 2H₂O of 1.0 and 2.0 lead to hematite phase formation and increase the availability of phosphorus compounds (characterized by phosphate solubility in 0.4 percent HCl and 2 percent citric acid) in compositions after calcining.

The addition of CaO to sewage sludge before the combustion process should be beneficial from the point of view of further extraction of phosphorus compounds from the ash obtained. Suitable CaO addition favours iron binding into the hematite phase and raises the solubility of the phosphorus compounds in the ashes formed.

This paper is a new source of information which complements existing knowledge about phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge.

To study the influence of storage time and environment on the solderability of electroless nickel plated samples with Sn‐3.8Ag‐0.7Cu and Sn‐3.5Ag lead‐free solders and to provide criteria for the use of an electroless nickel (Ni‐P) under bump metallization (UBM) without immersion gold protection.

Electroless nickel coatings were deposited onto pure aluminium foil through a procedure developed for the UBM of wafers prior to flip chip bumping. Their solderability with lead‐free solders was studied using the wetting balance technique. Samples stored in different environments for different periods of time were tested to study the dependence of the solderability of Ni‐P coatings on the storage time and temperature. The degree of oxidation of the Ni‐P coatings was examined by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the surface microstructure and roughness of the coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.

It was found that the Ni‐P coatings were unacceptable for direct soldering without the assistance of a flux, due to poor wettability, even when using a freshly prepared Ni‐P coating. Therefore, a suitable flux with nitrogen inerting had to be applied to assist the soldering process. The results also show that the solderability of Ni‐P coatings was affected by the phosphorus content, and the Ni‐P coating with high phosphorus content had a good solderability. The storage time and temperature did not influence the wettability significantly with the assistance of strong flux.

The stability of the plating solution and the consistence of the phosphorus content in the coating are not easily controlled. This has resulted in implications for surface analysis and wetting testing. Ni‐P coatings with different levels of phosphorus content are being investigated in detail.

The value of the paper lies in its study on the solderability of lead‐free solders to Ni‐P coating after storage in different environments and for different periods, which can provide some criteria for the use of Ni‐P UBM without immersion gold protection.

The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of silicon and phosphorus content in steel suitable for galvanizing on its corrosion and inhibitor adsorption processes in steels/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide combined and KI (mixture)/5.0 M hydrochloric acid systems has been studied in relation to the temperature using chemical (weight loss), Tafel polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electronic microscope (SEM) analysis and Optical 3D profilometry characterization. All the methods used are in reasonable agreement. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for each steels corrosion and inhibitor adsorption, respectively, were determined and discussed. Results show that the adsorption capacity for Steel Classes A and B are better than Steel Class C surfaces depending on their silicon and phosphorus content. Surface analyses via SEM and Optical 3D profilometry was used to investigate the morphology of the steels before and after immersion in 5.0 M HCl solution containing mixture. Surface analysis revealed improvement of corrosion resistance of Steels Classes A and B in the presence of mixture more than Classes C. It has been determined that the adsorbed protective film on the steels surface heterogeneity markedly depends on steels compositions, that is, the heterogeneity increases with decreasing silicon and phosphorus content.

The effect of silicon and phosphorus content in Steels Classes A, B and C on its corrosion and inhibitor mixture adsorption processes in 5.0 M HCl solution has been studied by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, EIS and surface analysis.

The inhibition efficiency of mixture follows the order: (Steel Class A) > (Steel Class B) > Steel Class C) and depends on their compositions in the absence of mixture according on their silicon and phosphorus content, that is, the corrosion rate increases with increasing of the silicon and phosphorus content. A potentiodynamic polarization measurement indicates that the mixture acts as mixed-type inhibitor without changing the mechanism of corrosion process for the three classes of mild steels.

Corrosion rate mild steels in 5.0 M HCl depends on their compositions in the absence of mixture according to their silicon and phosphorus content, that is, the corrosion rate increases with increasing silicon and phosphorus content. The adsorbed protective film on the steels surface heterogeneity markedly depends on steels class’s compositions, that is, the heterogeneity increases with decreasing silicon and phosphorus content.

Two 5W‐30 synthetic‐base phosphorus containing (commercial) and phosphorus‐free (P‐free) crankcase oils were tested for engine performance characteristics, engine emissions and poisoning effects of oil additives on a three‐way catalytic converter using engine dynamometer. The emission data of the two oils taken during engine operation were compared in the absence and presence of the catalytic converter. Surface characterization was used to determine the poisoning catalyst effect accumulated from the oil additives in the ceramic washcoat. Oil analyses were also used to examine the condition of the lubricant occurred during engine performance testing operation. The experimental engine performance tests indicated that the catalytic converter diminished the torque and power for the commercial and P‐free oils, whereas the specific fuel consumption increased for both oils in the presence of the catalytic converter.

Osteoporosis is increasingly affecting the young female adults of the Iranian population. The role of nutrition and physical activity on bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in young female students has not been fully examined. This study aims to assess the dietary intake of several nutrients, such as calcium, phosphorus and protein; serum concentrations of vitamin D; and physical activity and their relationship with BMC and BMD in young female students.

Three-day dietary intakes of 67 female students were measured via duplicate portion sampling (DPS) method. Calcium and phosphorus content of the food samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Protein intake was determined by Kjeldahl method. Serum 25(OH) D concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).

The mean ±SD dietary intake of protein, calcium and phosphorus was 58.8 ± 16.9 g/day, 388 ± 135 mg/day and 1884 ± 682 mg/day, respectively. Significant positive correlation was found between serum vitamin 25(OH) D concentrations and BMC of lumbar spine (r = 0.28, p = 0.016) and BMD of femoral neck (r = 0.29, p = 0.016). Moreover, the authors observed a significant positive correlation between physical activity and femoral neck BMC (r = 0.26, p = 0.03) and BMD (r = 0.28, p = 0.02). This study found no significant associations between dietary intakes of protein, calcium and phosphorus and bone density measurements.

In this study, the authors measured the dietary intake of protein, calcium and phosphorus using DPS method. This study highlights the role of physical activity and serum vitamin 25(OH) D concentrations in female students’ bone health.