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This study aims to evaluate the caffeinated drinks, levels of vitamin D and calcium in the blood, and their relationship to bone mineral density (BMD) in osteoporotic women in Al-Ahsa Saudi Arabia.

This study included 85 women over approximately 18 months with ages ranging from 40 to 70 years who were evaluated in the laboratory via blood analysis. Moreover, sociodemographic data and information on health and nutritional awareness were collected via a questionnaire. The BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and considered osteopenia when the T value total of the lumbar spine or hip was between −1 and −2.5 and osteoporosis < −2.5. Blood levels of vitamin D and calcium were measured via blood analysis.

There were 54.1% and 45.9% of women who suffered from osteoporosis and low BMD, respectively. There was a significant difference in the number of osteoporotic, and low bone mineral mass groups in marital status (p = 0.04), but no difference was found in age and educational level. A significant difference (p = 0.01) between low bone mass and osteoporosis groups in heights. BMD was significantly and negatively correlated with vitamin D in the blood in individuals with osteoporosis (r = −0.358, P = 0.014). In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between calcium in the blood and total samples (r = −0.355, P = 0.0578). There was a negative significant relationship between calcium supplements and BMD in individuals with low BMD (rt = −0.279, P = 0.041). There was a significant association between cola intake with the occurrence of low BMD (p = 0.027), whereas tea drinking was not associated with risk in both groups.

The study indicated that there is a direct relationship between osteoporosis and low bone mass with different variables. This study was conducted to address the lack of research related to the levels of vitamin D and calcium in the blood and their relationship with BMD in women with low BMD and osteoporosis in Al-Ahsa province-KSA.

Evidence suggests that younger women are suffering with what used to be seen as an older woman’s disease. Osteoporosis or “brittle bone disease” is fast becoming a public health matter. To prevent this crippling disease, it has been suggested that it would be beneficial to increase awareness of it through health promotion, specifically that aimed at teenage girls. This study, therefore, investigated what 16‐year‐old girls knew about osteoporosis and related issues. A structured, multiple choice questionnaire was disseminated to five schools within the Borough of Wolverhampton. The questionnaire consisted of 24 questions covering areas relating to general knowledge of osteoporosis, physiology, diet (calcium and vitamin D) and exercise. Two hundred questionnaires were distributed and 119 completed questionnaires were returned. The mean score out of 24 was 9.83; with a standard deviation of 3.39. The results show that knowledge of osteoporosis among teenage girls is poor. Concludes that it is necessary to raise awareness of the issues surrounding osteoporosis, especially in relation to diet and exercise, in this age group.

In this article an audit of the service provided by our osteoporosis clinic at St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, is described. The aim was to assess the quality of the service and to identify deficiencies that could be improved upon. It extended into primary care, and included an enquiry into patient satisfaction. From April to October 1995 154 patients (of whom 150 were female) were referred to the clinic. Of these 118 required a bone density measurement and 34% of patients had osteoporosis. The general practitioners (GPs) were satisfied with the waiting time for appointments and the standard of advice and treatment (>90%) but the standard set for communication was not achieved. The inadequate premises for the clinic did not deter the patients from documenting their satisfaction with the service provided. Subsequently, improvements have been made. We conclude that an osteoporosis clinic is an important part of the shared care approach to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis demands systematic management for optimum use of resources. Guidelines from the Primary Care Rheumatology Society (PCRS) aim to improve its diagnosis and treatment. We identified all admissions over three months to a district general hospital of patients with fracture of femur, vertebra, or distal forearm and of women who underwent oophorectomy or hysterectomy. We audited their care using the criteria that the diagnosis and risk of osteoporosis should be recorded; that management should follow PCRS guidelines; and that this information should be communicated to general practitioners. An ideal standard of 100% compliance with these criteria was chosen. Overwhelmingly these audit criteria were not met, the only one that was met being the prescription of hormone replacement therapy after oophorectomy. Potential for prevention of 35% of hip and distal forearm fractures was identified, the commonest risk factor being long‐term corticosteroid therapy. Identification of high risk patients is feasible by simple methods and their management needs improvement. We suggest that a ‘long‐term corticosteroid therapy register’ and a dedicated ‘osteoporosis service’ would facilitate this.

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease and a growing global health problem. It is estimated that about 200m people are suffering from this disease in the world. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the perceptions and factors influencing the intention to do regular physical activities in order to prevent osteoporosis in Iranian Muslim working women.

The present cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 217 women employed in a university in Iran. The tool for data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire that had gone through validity and reliability processes. The data analysis was done using SPSS ver. 19 software as well as statistical descriptive and analytical tests.

The majority of participants were aged 30–39 (50.7 percent) and the least ones were 40 years old (24.4 percent). In total, 67.7 percent of the participants were married. Also, 77 percent of the participants had religious belief on the duty to do strong physical activities, and 83 percent had intention to do physical activities. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the mean scores of self-efficacy and the mean scores of religious belief between the women with and without having intention to do physical activities (p<0.01).

Regarding the relationship that self-efficacy and religious belief had with the intention to do physical activities in women employees, the need to address this issue through educational programming with the focus on self-efficacy and religious culture seems to find priority.

Alerts health educators to the message that eating a healthy diet and taking regular exercise in childhood and young adulthood can help to prevent the bone disease osteoporosis in later life. Describes a teaching pack produced by the National Osteoporosis Society for primary school children. Summarizes evidence that school children take insufficient exercise and that many teenagers have a poor calcium intake. Reports on feedback from schools which have used the teaching pack.

This case looks at an important business task: forecasting a new product. The case can be used to teach finance, marketing (new product introduction), and healthcare strategy. The product is one of Amgen's most important new products: denosumab. On the surface, the case is fairly easy; students simply have to do some simple mathematical calculations. However, the challenges of forecasting quickly become apparent; every forecast depends on some critical assumptions, and the answer can vary dramatically.

Highlight the importance of forecasting as a business task. Give students the opportunity to create a forecast, using logical assumptions to generate an answer. Illustrate how dramatically forecasts can vary. Demonstrate why sensitivity analysis and customer understanding are both critical when trying to forecast a new product launch.

Describes coeliac disease with its increased risk of osteoporosis for the patient. Often misdiagnosed or not recognised early, coeliac disease leads to further complications, particularly osteoporosis. Provides eating/nutrition guidelines for coeliac sufferers to avoid osteoporosis in later life.

Osteoporosis, defined as abnormally low bone density, results in increased risk of fractures with consequent increase in morbidity and mortality. An important determinant of age‐related fractures is low bone density. Current public health strategies aim to maximize bone mass in elderly people, yet the bone mass obtained in the first three decades of life is a major determinant of bone mass later. Up to half the variation in peak adult bone mass among women is non‐genetic and is influenced by lifestyle factors such as physical activity, calcium nutrition and sex hormone status. These factors were studied in surveys of a school age population of girls in Bournemouth. Using a seven‐day dietary diary, the mean daily calcium intake of 11‐12 year olds was calculated as 692.9mg (SD 209.91mg). Of the total population surveyed, 14.6 per cent had calcium intakes below the UK dietary reference values. Up to 1,500mg calcium per day in adolescence has been recommended to increase peak bone mineral density. Weight bearing activity accounted for approximately 16 per cent of daily activities. Additional information was collected on perception of body weight and dieting habits. An osteoporosis prevention health education package was produced for local teenage school children with the message that “It Pays to Look after Your Bones!” by promoting calcium nutrition and exercise.