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The difference between quality grades and quality labels is that the latter are awarded on the basis of production processes, whilst the former are conferred on the strength of the actual production results. In the course of a de-ideologisation of society, it might be assumed that the price differences between quality grades would grow larger and larger, while those between quality labels would tend to shrink. The purpose of this paper is to develop and test this hypothesis.

Regressions for the calf market on the one hand and for 4,180 cattle-market data sets on the other are run with Stata.

The results largely confirm the rising importance of grades between 2000 and 2014. In the period under consideration, a price spread occurs between the individual grades of the Swiss grading system, whilst the surcharge for organic products shrinks. No price discrimination is identified a priori for conventional labels.

The focus of both chain management and policy makers should be put on effective grading systems rather than on labelling production methods.

This is the first econometrical comparison of the price effect of both grades and labels.

The purpose of this study is to measure and analyze the national innovation efficiency of organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD) countries. This is to determine to what extent OECD countries efficiently use the elements that enable innovation activities possible in generating innovation outputs.

An input–output model was constructed to measure efficiency. The inputs and outputs in the research model are the input and output sub-indices of the Global Innovation Index. Data envelopment analysis was used to measure the national innovation efficiency levels of OECD countries.

The results show that national innovation efficiency is generally high in OECD countries. However, some countries lag behind in innovation efficiency. OECD countries’ ability to create and provide the elements that enable innovation activities is higher than their ability to create innovation outputs. OECD countries have a good innovation environment and a high level of resources, but they should focus on how to create more innovation outputs.

This study presents a measurement of national innovation efficiency of OECD countries which contributes “Innovation Strategy” agenda. The results empirically show that overall innovation indices cannot be the only indicator of the performance of national innovation systems. In this study, an innovation efficiency/performance matrix is constructed to present the relative positions of the countries to help in examining countries’ strengths, weaknesses and potentials based on innovation efficiency and innovation performance simultaneously. This study contributes to the literature by presenting a broader perspective and measurement of national innovation efficiency by taking an extensive number of indicators into account.

The European Innovation Scoreboard is an important indicator of innovation performance across European Member States. Despite its wide application, the indicator fails to highlight the interlinkages that exist among innovation measures and focuses primarily on the linear relationship between the individual measures and the predicted outcome. This study aims to address this gap by applying a novel technique, the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), to shed light on these interlinkages and highlight the complexity of the determinants underlying innovation performance.

The authors adopted a configurational approach based on fsQCA that is implemented on innovation performance data from European Member States for the period 2011–2018. The approach is based on non-linearity and allows for the analysis of interlinkages based on equifinality, that is, the model recognises that there are different potential paths of high and low innovation performance. In addition, the approach allows for asymmetric relations, where a low innovation outcome is not the exact inverse of that which leads to high innovation outcome.

The results clearly indicate that innovation outcomes are not based on simple linear relations. Thus, to reap the desired effects from investments in innovation inputs, the complex set of indicators on which innovation performance is based should be taken into consideration. The results clearly indicate the elements of equifinality and asymmetric relations. Different paths lead to high innovation performance and low innovation performance.

The method applied to investigate the determinants of innovation performance is the prime original factor of this study. Thus, the study contributes to literature by highlighting the complexity involved in understanding innovation. By recognising and attempting to detangle this complexity, this study will assist not just academics but also policymakers in designing the necessary measures required to reach this important outcome for a country’s competitive edge.

The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that for rural regions of Switzerland, jobs and enterprises do not have a positive effect on the quality of regional development in rural areas.

Population development is used as an indicator for the quality of regional development. Economic, infrastructural, demographic and topographic variables for Swiss rural districts are summarized by factor analysis. The birth and migration balances of these districts between 1990 and 2000 are explained by two regressions.

Remoteness influences both the birth and the migration balance negatively. Jobs and enterprises in the districts, split by sector, definitely do not spur population development.

Research on regional development should not overestimate the importance of a flourishing economy.

In regional development projects, infrastructural factors are of central importance.

The influence of economic factors in regional development is explicitly compared with non‐economic factors.

This research aims to determine the contribution of publications in the context of Türkiye to the international entrepreneurship literature between 2005 and 2022. We examined 471 articles published in international journals in the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database using bibliometric analysis techniques. We analyzed the data with the software Biblioshiny+Bibliometrix, SciMAT, and VOSViewer. We used performance, theme and evolution, co-authorship, and document analysis in data analysis. Performance analysis findings show that the most publications were made in 2021, the journal with the most publications was sustainability, and the author with the most publications was Bakır, C. Theme and evolution analysis revealed that the motor themes were corporate entrepreneurship, gender and entrepreneurial intentions in the first period (2005–2014), while institutional entrepreneurship stood out as the niche theme. In the second period (2015–2022), “corporate entrepreneurship” and “performance” emerged as the motor themes, while the niche themes in this period were “Syrian refugees” and “entrepreneurial intentions.” Document analysis findings show that the most studied entrepreneurship types are gender, family, corporate, social, and small business, respectively. In addition, immigrant/refugee entrepreneurship is emerging as a new topic, while indigenous entrepreneurship, informal entrepreneurship, sustainable entrepreneurship, and religion entrepreneurship are the most minor studied topics in entrepreneurship. Evidence-based decision-making inputs were obtained for those holding the resource allocation authority in Türkiye. Policymakers and funders, as well as individuals and institutions that want to design the future in terms of resources, can benefit from the findings and analysis of this chapter. Türkiye, which ranks 26th in the world regarding entrepreneurship, must develop a policy based on data.

The objective of this research is to know the degree of influence that strategic planning (SP) exerts on the tangible and intangible results of business microenterprises in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico.

The methodological design was quantitative, explanatory, observational and cross-sectional, where a sample of 407 young leaders of microenterprises from the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, was obtained. To evaluate hypotheses, a structural equation model (SEM) was developed. Regarding the goodness and adjustment indices of the SEM, they were absolutely acceptable.

The results obtained through Pearson’s correlation show that there is a positive and significant relationship between SP and the tangible and intangible results of microenterprises. In addition, through the results obtained with the SEM model, it is statistically demonstrated that SP positively and significantly influences the tangible and intangible results of microenterprises in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico.

In this research, only SP was valued as a variable that intervenes in the process of achieving tangible and intangible results to achieve the business objectives of entrepreneurial microenterprises in the state of Guanajuato. It is essential to point out that other variables that intervene in the process must be considered to generate tangible and intangible results. It is recommended to carry out further research under these variables to identify strategies for improving entrepreneurial microenterprises for their growth, sustainability and rapid positioning in a highly competitive market.

SP represents one of the tools to achieve the success of microenterprises through tangible and intangible results. However, microenterprises show a need to involve the use and application of SP to define clear indicators that contribute to obtaining satisfactory tangible and intangible results.

The findings are relevant and of great value, because there is currently not enough research that focuses on the variables analyzed, in this sense, SP and the tangible and intangible results of young entrepreneurial leaders of microenterprises in the Mexican context. The limitations of this study lie in the low participation and interest of young microenterprise entrepreneurs in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico.

El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el grado de influencia que ejerce la planificación estratégica sobre los resultados tangibles e intangibles de las microempresas empresariales en el estado de Guanajuato, México.

El diseño metodológico fue cuantitativo, explicativo, observacional y transversal, donde se obtuvo una muestra de 407 jóvenes líderes de microempresas del estado de Guanajuato, México. Para evaluar hipótesis, se desarrolló un modelo de ecuación estructural (SEM). En cuanto a los índices de bondad y ajuste del SEM resultaron absolutamente aceptables.

Los resultados obtenidos mediante la correlación de Pearson muestran que existe una relación positiva y significativa entre la planificación estratégica y los resultados tangibles e intangibles de las microempresas. Además, a través de los resultados obtenidos a través del modelo SEM, se demuestra estadísticamente que la planificación estratégica influye positiva y significativamente en los resultados tangibles e intangibles de las microempresas del estado. de Guanajuato, México.

La planeación estratégica representa una de las herramientas para lograr el éxito de las microempresas a través de los resultados tangibles e intangibles. Sin embargo, las microempresas muestran necesidad en el involucramiento del uso y aplicación de la planeación estratégica para la definición de indicadores claros que contribuyan a obtener resultados tangibles e intangibles satisfactorios. En base a lo anterior, resulta ser motivante para los académicos, empresarios y legisladores para motivar el uso de la planificación estratégica en las microempresas debido a las bondades que atrae en garantizar el éxito de la microempresa como lo ha sugerido el Instituto del fracaso, así como también el Desarrollo de la Competitividad Empresarial. Asimismo, la planeación estratégica identifica y analiza los factores relevantes que pueden servir como apoyo a las microempresas así como a los diferentes modelos de emprendimiento que se desarrollan a través de la literatura, ofreciendo una alternativa en el enfoque de su estudio, mismos que se van ajustando a las nuevas tendencias que van surgiendo desde ámbitos nacionales como internacionales, y en particular, en el estado de Guanajuato (México) que representa uno de los estados importantes debido a su actividad económica en los sectores de agroindustria, manufactura (especialmente automotriz) y de servicios del país.

Los hallazgos son relevantes y de gran valor, pues actualmente no existe suficiente investigación que se enfoque en las variables analizadas, en este sentido, la planificación estratégica y los resultados tangibles e intangibles de jóvenes líderes emprendedores de microempresas en el contexto mexicano. Las limitaciones de este estudio radican en la baja participación e interés de los jóvenes emprendedores de microempresas del estado de Guanajuato. México

o objetivo desta pesquisa é conhecer o grau de influência que o planejamento estratégico exerce sobre os resultados tangíveis e intangíveis das microempresas empresariais do estado de Guanajuato, México.

O desenho metodológico foi quantitativo, explicativo, observacional e transversal, onde foi obtida uma amostra de 407 jovens líderes de microempresas do estado de Guanajuato, México. Para avaliar as hipóteses, foi desenvolvido um modelo de equações estruturais (SEM). Com relação aos índices de bondade e ajuste do SEM, eles foram absolutamente aceitáveis.

Os resultados obtidos por meio da correlação de Pearson mostram que existe uma relação positiva e significativa entre o planejamento estratégico e os resultados tangíveis e intangíveis das microempresas. Além disso, pelos resultados obtidos por meio do modelo SEM, é estatisticamente demonstrado que o planejamento estratégico influencia positiva e significativamente os resultados tangíveis e intangíveis das microempresas no estado. de Guanajuato, México.

O planejamento estratégico representa uma das ferramentas para alcançar o sucesso das microempresas por meio de resultados tangíveis e intangíveis. No entanto, as microempresas mostram a necessidade de envolver o uso e a aplicação do planejamento estratégico para definir indicadores claros que contribuam para a obtenção de resultados tangíveis e intangíveis satisfatórios. Com base no exposto, acaba sendo motivador para acadêmicos, empresários e legisladores motivar a utilização do planejamento estratégico nas microempresas pelos benefícios que atrai para garantir o sucesso da microempresa sugeridos pelo Instituto do Fracasso, também bem como o Desenvolvimento da Competitividade Empresarial. Da mesma forma, o planejamento estratégico identifica e analisa os fatores relevantes que podem servir de suporte às microempresas, bem como os diferentes modelos de empreendedorismo que se desenvolvem na literatura, oferecendo uma alternativa no foco de seu estudo, que são ajustando-se às novas tendências que estão surgindo nas esferas nacional e internacional, e em particular, no estado de Guanajuato (México) que representa um dos estados importantes pela sua atividade econômica no agronegócio, manufatura (especialmente automotiva) serviços do país.

Os achados são relevantes e de grande valor, uma vez que atualmente não há pesquisas suficientes que enfoquem as variáveisanalisadas, neste sentido, o planejamento estratégico e os resultados tangíveis e intangíveis de jovens líderes empreendedores de microempresas no contexto mexicano . As limitações deste estudo residem na baixa participação e interesse dos jovens empreendedores da microempresa no estado de Guanajuato. México

Social media platform, like Twitter, has increasingly become the mode of reporting civic issues owing to their vast and fast reachability. A tremendous amount of information on urban issues is shared every moment out of which some tweets may need immediate attention to save lives or avoid future disasters. Existing approaches are only limited to the identification of complaint tweets; however, its prioritization based on urgency is still unexplored. This study aims to decide the ranking of complaints based on its criticality derived using multiple parameters, like type of complaint, season, day or night, gender, holiday or working day, etc.

The approach proposes an ensemble of multi-class classification (MCC) and “two-level” multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) algorithms, like AHP and TOPSIS, to evaluate the accurate ranking score of the tweet based on the severity of the issue. Initially, the MCC is applied to tweets to categorize the tweets into three categories, i.e. moderate, urgent and immediate. Further, the first level of MCDM algorithm decides the ranking within each complaint type, and the second level evaluates the ranking across all types. Integration of MCC and MCDM methods further helps to increase the accuracy of the result.

The paper discusses various parameters and investigates how their combination plays a significant role in deciding the priority of complaints. It successfully demonstrates that MCDM techniques are helpful in generating the ranking score of tweets based on various criteria.

This paper fulfills an identified need to prioritize the complaint tweet which helps the local government to take time-bound actions and save a life.

While extant literature explores the influence of institutions on the national innovation system (NIS), most research has either focused on specific institutional aspects or treated institutions as a unified entity. This study aims to examine the effect of various institutional factors on a country’s NIS.

The conceptual model was empirically validated using regression analysis. The study sample comprised a total of 84 countries.

This study identifies and empirically validates a comprehensive set of institutional factors. It also highlights the significant institutional factors (including political stability, government effectiveness, ease of resolving insolvency and the rule of law) that can help improve a country’s NIS.

The research provides practical implications for organizations and policymakers seeking to understand and foster an innovative culture within the NIS. Policymakers are encouraged to develop a nurturing environment within the NIS by focusing on significant institutional factors. Organizations are encouraged to closely monitor developments in the NIS of a country to make informed strategic decisions at the business, corporate and international levels.

Quite often than not, a new industry can be created, thanks to the countless entrepreneurs and innovative activities across the globe. Smart city (SC) is one such industry and a living lab using the key roles of the digital platform that enable a seamless flow of information and knowledge for innovation within the SC. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how SC can be a new regional industry engine through an “open collective innovation system” as its new concept. In particular, SC provides efficient transaction costs and knowledge flows. Eventually, SC can be an innovation hub for entrepreneurship through openness.

To frame the research goals, the authors used qualitative research methodologies based on grounded theory. In particular, the author used inductive reasoning to generate arguments and conclusions about the future of an SC as a new growth engine in the era of the fourth industrial revolution. Numerous documents and prior literature were used for the preliminary conceptualization of an SC. Interview data were then coded for reasoning in an open collective innovation system based on “openness”.

SC maximizes efficiency in practicing innovation. In the perspective of innovation costs, SC can minimize transaction costs, specifically the information processing costs, through data openness. In this context, transaction costs can be considered an economic equivalent of friction in a physical system. So, as the friction is low, some movements of an object on the surface are likely to be easy. SC is optimized for innovation activities through an “open collective innovation system”. In terms of innovation networks, an SC results in an innovation efficiency derived from both the network and the spatial agglomerations in physical and cyberspace. The efficiency-based SC itself overlaps knowledge creation, dissemination and absorption, providing an open innovation (OI) ecosystem.

This paper remarkably extends that SC can be an “open collective innovation system model” and a new conceptualization. Eventually, SC will play a crucial role in developing regional industries as a new growth engine. To operate as a new growth engine fully-fledged, the SC is needed to accumulate innovative assets such as the critical mass of residents, numerous firms, etc. However, this study has some limitations. First, difficulties in any analytic approach to SC resulted from their many interdependent facets, such as social, economic, infrastructural and spatial complex systems, which exist in similar but changing forms over a huge range of scales. Also, this research is at a quite an early stage. Thus, its theoretical stability is weak. So, this paper used the qualitative methodology with a grounded theory. Another limitation is in the research methodology. The limitation of using grounded theory adapted by this work is that the results of this study may not be generalizable beyond the context of this study. This non-generalizability occurs because ours is an inductive approach to research, meaning that the findings are based on data collected and analyzed. As such, the results of this study may not be applicable to other contexts or situations. In addition, the analysis of data in the grounded theory is based on researcher’s subjective interpretations. This means that the researcher’s own biases, preferences and assumptions may influence the results of the study. The quality of the data collected is another potential limitation. If the data is incomplete or of poor quality, it can cause researcher’s own subjective interpretations.

Findings of this study have some practical implications for enterprises, practitioners and governors. First, firms should use value networks instead of value chains. Notably, the firms that pursue new products or services or startups that try to find a new venture business should take full advantage of SC. This taking advantage is possible because SC not only adapts state-of-the-art information technology (e.g. sensor devices, open data analytics, IoT and fiber optic networks) but also facilitates knowledge flow (e.g. between universities, research centers, knowledge-based partner firms and public agencies). More importantly, with globalized market competition in recent years, sustainability for firms is a challenging issue. In this respect, managers can take the benefits of SC into consideration for strategic decisions for sustainability. Specifically, industrial practitioners who engage in innovation activities have capabilities of network-related technologies (e.g. data analysis, AI, IoT and sensor networks). By using these technologies in an SC, enterprises can keep existing customers as well as attract potential customers. Lastly, the findings of this study contribute to policy implementation in many aspects. At first, for SC to become a growth engine at regional or natural levels, strong policy implementation is crucial because SC is widely regarded as a means of entrepreneurship and an innovation plaza (Kraus et al., 2015). To facilitate entrepreneurship, maker spaces used for making the prototypes to support entrepreneurial process were setup within universities. The reason for establishing maker spaces in universities is to expand networking between entrepreneurs and experts and lead to innovation through a value network. One of the policy instruments that can be adapted is the “Data Basic Income Scheme” suggested by this research to boost the usage of data, providing content and information for doing business. Also, a governor in SC as an intermediator for the process of the knowledge flow should initiate soft configuration for SC.

This work makes two theoretical contributions to OI aspects: (1) it explores dynamic model archetypes; and (2) it articulates and highlights how SC with digital technology (i.e. in the AI, IoT and big data context) can be used to create collective knowledge flow efficiently. First, the findings of this study shed light on the OI dynamic model. It reveals important archetypes of new sub-clustering creation, namely, a system that underpins the holistic process of innovation by categorization in amongst the participating value network (Aguilar-Gallegos et al., 2015). In innovation studies, scholars have particularly paid attention to a cluster’s evolution model. In the process of innovation, the “open innovation dynamic model” suggested by this study illustrates sub-clustering that happens in value networks by taking the benefits of SC. Eventually, the evolution or development of sub-clusters can bring in a new system, namely, an OI system. Second, the findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the role of digital technologies in promoting knowledge flow. The usage and deployment of digital technologies in SC may enormously and positively influence innovative activities for participants. Furthermore, the rising of digital economy, in the so-called platform business, may occur depending on advanced technologies and OI. In doing so, the findings can further tow innovation research through juxtaposition between SC and innovation research (Mehra et al., 2021).

This paper shows that the function of an SC not only improves the quality of life but also acts as an engine of new industry through an open collective innovation setting using dynamic and ecological models.