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Post-acquisition integration matters for overall M&A outcome. However within this phase researchers have struggled to identify clear links between integration activities and post-acquisition outcome. This may be due to using organisational levels of analysis, where sub-organisational issues serve to confound findings. In order to unpack the post-acquisition phase, and to delve more deeply into organisations, this paper adopts a more granular perspective on integration activities by focusing upon the building blocks of organisations. Specifically we investigate ordinary routine amalgamation and their impact upon meta-routine outcome during acquisition integration. Drawing upon two longitudinal integration cases and using ‘retroductive’ analysis, two types of amalgamation are identified, namely ‘combination’ and ‘superimposition’. We find that, while the basic nature of routines, such as multiplicity and nestedness, inhibit routine amalgamation, external interference in the form of context, structural change or introduction of additional routines is needed to stabilise amalgamated routines. From our findings we are able to suggest a number of testable propositions about the factors that influence the amalgamation of routines. This empirical study contributes to the M&A literature by opening up the ‘black box’ of post-acquisition integration by providing details at a granular level of what actually happens during integrations.

This research demonstrates that the combination of two methodologies to describe photographs — Nobrade and Sepiades — together with the contextualization and identification of the content informational model of the photograph facilitates the reconstruction of institutional memory. This exploratory research based on case study adopted a set of metadata from Nobrade and Sepiades aiming at the organization and availability of the set of information extrinsic to the 20 portraits of the rectors of the Federal University of Pernambuco from 1946 to 1971. For the contextualization of this period, some of the events that occurred in Brazil were highlighted, as they influenced the academic environments during the Democratic Period and the Military Regime. The description of the photography was made in four parts: first part was called administrative dates resulting in the photo identification information; second part was the provenance data, that is, data about its origin and context; third part was composed of the technical data of the photograph; and fourth part was composed of the image data which contains information about the content of the photograph. The second and fourth parts using context and content information enable the photograph to be understood beyond what can be seen and contribute to the reconstruction of institutional memory. This research contributes to the elaboration of a documentary system using a combination of methodologies, focusing on photographs, not only as an institutional technical activity, but also as an activity necessary for the reconstruction of the institutional memory.

World economies including India have been moving toward recession. To combat this recession more employment generation through investment is required in a highly populated economy like India. Since unorganized manufacturing enterprises (UMEs) provide employment to a huge mass in India, therefore its growth and productivity is a matter of concern in the Indian economy. The present study analyzes the growth and productivity of UMEs on the basis of the latest two rounds of NSSO unit level data incorporating all states and union territories (UTs) of India. It reveals that the growth of UMEs, employment, gross value added (GVA) and fixed assets widely varied across states/UTs, and these growth rates were substantially high in a number of states during 2010–11 and 2015–16. In most of the states/UTs the labor productivity of UMEs has increased significantly but not the capital productivity. Our analysis supports the theoretical relationship among growth of employment, GVA, and labor productivity. Therefore, the government has to make deliberate attempts to increase the growth of UMEs on one side and raise productivities of UMEs through skill developments on the other side to overcome the problem of unemployment in particular and expedite the growth of the Indian economy in general to combat the global economic recession.