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Through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China has built bilateral relations with Latin American states. The purpose of this article is to explore the potential for using the Pacific Alliance (PA) as a negotiating frame as regards the Belt and Road Initiative.

We use a descriptive and analytical methodology to recapitulate and analyze the factual and normative background of Latin American economic integration during the last three decades, a process that so far has culminated in the Pacific Alliance (PA) and an emphasis on the Asia–Pacific region.

We contend that the PA has been a learning process in terms of economic cooperation. In addition, it is a Latin American economic integration project that emphasizes its focus on the Asia–Pacific region. Considering the nature of BRI projects, as well as Latin American states’ and China’s interests, we contend that it would be beneficial if Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, the members of the PA, and China channeled their BRI relations through the PA. Thus, the PA should be China’s negotiating partner.

So far, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Latin America has been built upon bilateral relations. This article explores the possibility of developing the BRI through the Pacific Alliance (PA).

The Pacific Alliance (PA) arose from a project for economic integration and strategic cooperation between the four member countries – Mexico, Chile, Peru, and Colombia – with the hope of driving competitiveness in the region through specialized production and exportation of assets, and to an extent consolidating them, which would have a strong impact on the process of regional integration within Latin America. Considering this, the purpose of this chapter is to review the current economic scene for regional integration that promotes competition in the countries of the PA. A documentary and statistical investigation are carried out and presented to show the primary advances of the PA in different economic and strategic areas that propel competition among its member countries. The primary findings show that there are economic and commercial indicators that encourage the achievement of a unified perspective and stability between these member countries, which allows for more competitiveness with regard to economic and commercial development in other blocks or alliances. Today, the PA shows itself as an innovative process that seeks and promises to change the economic relations of both the countries involved in it and the region in general, which is the reason for the dynamism shown in decision making and the interest in the international community. It is concluded that the PA responds to the shared interests of the four member countries while being more competitive to take advantage of any opportunities that appear from the opening and incursion of new international markets.

One of the most profitable industries worldwide is automotive manufacturing, with an estimated economic impact of 2.9 trillion dollars, which employs 8% of the economically active world population, both directly and indirectly. The main 12 world powers in the automotive sector account for 80% of the total manufactured vehicles, and Mexico ranks seventh in the world and is part of the free trade agreement in the Pacific Alliance (PA). This fact may have a direct impact on boosting the domestic automotive industry in Mexico by leveraging the manufacturing supply chain in primary and secondary industries in the three commercial partners: Chile, Colombia, and Peru. This chapter found that there is a coincidence in the competitiveness pillars of the Mexican automotive industry and its business partners in the PA. This presents a strategic panorama of competition and economic development for the region.

The fundamental objective of this chapter, regarding the main Latin American economies, is to identify the business conditions with which companies faced the COVID-19 pandemic. The specific period under study is from 2010 to 2021. The key components of this research will be studied in relation to business environment, economic growth, and aspects of corruption/transparency in countries that belong to Mercosur and the Pacific Alliance (PA). Mercosur stands for Southern Common Market in Latin America – Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay; the PA is formed by Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. Each of the indicators will be studied based on the time series in addition to its interaction with the other variables. In this way, it will be possible to identify conditions that could be relevant to the sustainability of companies in the Latin American region.

The purpose of this study is to determine the predominant features of the corporations in four Latin American that are countries associated with the disclosure of reputational risk in the frame of explanations proposed by the organizational institutionalism theory about the isomorphism due to environmental pressures like the organisation for economic cooperation and development (OECD) membership and the belonging of Pacific Alliance (PA).

Using an exploratory structural equation model (SEM) with 26 variables from the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) of a sample of 205 large companies from Mexico, Peru, Chile and Colombia that belong to the PA, during 2016, the research evaluates the association of firms features with the disclosure of reputational risk.

This research founds that country, industry, working conditions, financial performance and status in terms of firms listed in the stock market and in rankings of corporate reputation use to talk about reputational risk in firms' reports. The financial industry, which is ruled by Basel guidelines, and companies with lower returns tend to disclose reputational risk. The isomorphism does not depend on the time of membership in the OECD.

The findings revealed that belonging to the same multilateral organizations like PA or OECD is not enough to create isomorphism in improving the corporative disclosure increasing the quality of sustainability reports. Policymakers and managers need more incentive to avoid strategic silence and selective disclosure of information to promote more transparency for society and enhance the usefulness of accounting and corporate information to interpret business risks, especially reputational risk.

This article contributes to the emerging literature in reputational risk disclosure with evidence explained in the frame of organizational institutionalism evaluating the features that contribute to the legitimatization process, with counterintuitive evidence about the isomorphism pressured by multilateral organizations and economic blocks.

El propósito es determinar los rasgos predominantes de las corporaciones en cuatro países de América Latina asociados a la divulgación del riesgo reputacional en el marco de las explicaciones propuestas por la teoría del institucionalismo organizacional sobre el isomorfismo debido a presiones ambientales como la membresía de la OCDE y la pertenencia a la Alianza del Pacífico – AP.

Utilizando un modelo exploratorio de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) con 26 variables de la Global Reporting Initiative GRI de una muestra de 205 grandes empresas de México, Perú, Chile y Colombia que pertenecen a la AP, durante 2016, la investigación evalúa la asociación de las características de las empresas con la divulgación del riesgo reputacional.

Esta investigación encontró que el país, la industria, las condiciones de trabajo, el desempeño financiero y el estado en términos de empresas que cotizan en el mercado de valores y en los rankings de reputación corporativa utilizan para reverlar sobre el riesgo reputacional en sus informes. La industria financiera, regida por las directrices de Basilea, y las empresas con rendimientos más bajos tienden a revelar el riesgo reputacional. El isomorfismo no depende del tiempo de membresía en la OCDE.

Los hallazgos revelaron que no basta con pertenecer a los mismos organismos multilaterales como AP u OCDE para crear isomorfismo en la mejora de la divulgación corporativa aumentando la calidad de los informes de sostenibilidad. Los responsables de la formulación de políticas y los gerentes necesitan más incentivos para evitar el silencio estratégico y la divulgación selectiva de información para promover una mayor transparencia para la sociedad y mejorar la utilidad de la información contable y corporativa para interpretar los riesgos comerciales, especialmente el riesgo reputacional.

Este artículo contribuye a la literatura emergente en revelación de riesgos reputacionales con evidencia explicada en el marco de la institucionalidad organizacional evaluando las características que contribuyen al proceso de legitimación, con evidencia contraintuitiva sobre el isomorfismo presionado por organismos multilaterales y bloques económicos.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments of different countries to implement unprecedented strategies with the aim of reducing the rate of contagion and mitigating its economic and social effects. In this scenario, the purpose of this paper is to analyze four fundamental strategies, namely, testing and diagnosis, macroprudential, labor market and social assistance, based on the crisis management theory.

This research note is based on a review of the principal official legislations regarding the strategies implemented during the first 80 days from the first zero case registered in the Pacific Alliance countries.

The review shows that the Pacific Alliance countries have implemented similar strategies regarding macroprudential and labor market measures. On the other hand, there are differences among the strategies related to testing and diagnostic and social assistance.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected Latin American countries due to their economic and social problems. In this sense, the reporting and analysis of the principal strategies implemented by the Pacific Alliance countries constitute a baseline to understand the effectiveness of these strategies in mitigating the negative effects of the pandemic.

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha obligado a gobiernos de diferentes países a implementar estrategias sin precedentes con el objetivo de reducir la tasa de contagio y mitigar sus efectos económicos y sociales. En este escenario, el propósito de esta nota de investigación es analizar cuatro estrategias fundamentales: testeo y diagnóstico, macro-prudencial, mercado laboral y asistencia social, con base en la Teoría del Manejo de Crisis.

Esta nota de investigación se basa en una revisión de las principales legislaciones oficiales sobre las estrategias implementadas durante los primeros 80 días desde el primer caso registrado en los países de la Alianza del Pacífico.

La revisión muestra que los países de la Alianza del Pacífico han implementado estrategias similares con respecto a medidas macro-prudenciales y del mercado laboral. Por otro lado, existen diferencias entre las estrategias relacionadas con las pruebas y el diagnóstico, y la asistencia social.

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha afectado significativamente a los países de América Latina debido a sus problemas económicos y sociales. En este sentido, el reporte y análisis de las principales estrategias implementadas por los países de la Alianza del Pacífico constituyen una línea de base para comprender la efectividad de estas estrategias en la mitigación de los efectos negativos de la pandemia.

A pandemia COVID-19 obrigou governos de diferentes países a implementarem estratégias sem precedentes com o objetivo de reduzir a taxa de contágio e mitigar seus efeitos econômicos e sociais. Neste cenário, o objetivo desta nota de pesquisa é analisar quatro estratégias fundamentais: testagem e diagnóstico, macro-prudencial, mercado de trabalho e assistência social, com base na Teoria de Gestão de Crises.

Esta nota de pesquisa é baseada em uma revisão da principal legislação oficial sobre as estratégias implementadas durante os primeiros 80 dias a partir do primeiro caso registrado nos países da Aliança do Pacífico.

A análise mostra que os países da Aliança do Pacífico implementaram estratégias semelhantes com respeito as medidas macro-prudenciais e do mercado de trabalho. Por outro lado, há diferenças entre as estratégias relacionadas a testagem e diagnóstico, e assistência social.

A pandemia COVID-19 afetou significativamente os países latino-americanos devido a seus problemas econômicos e sociais. Nesse sentido, o relatório e a análise das principais estratégias implementadas pelos países da Aliança do Pacífico constituem uma linha de base para entender a eficácia dessas estratégias na mitigação dos efeitos negativos da pandemia.