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Tests whether professional experience and training can mitigate recency effects in an auditor’s belief revision while evaluating internal control. In the experiment, each of the 57 auditor‐subjects was asked to complete a questionnaire on an internal control case. Four pieces of audit evidence (two positive and two negatives) were presented to the subjects in two different orders (++‐ ‐,‐ ‐++). After reading each piece of evidence, the subjects were asked to revise their degree of belief that the internal control system can prevent material errors. ANOVA tests of significance indicated that when auditors were asked to evaluate a short series of complex, mixed evidence, recency effect existed in the auditors’ judgement; however, the recency effect in the case of experienced auditors did not seem to be smaller than their less‐experienced counterparts. This tends to refute the generally accepted notion that the level of substantive testing is influenced by the number of years of audit experience in belief‐revision.

The rapid growth in the economy of the Asia Pacific region has attracted many banks to expand in this area. Rapid expansion has brought the need for an increased emphasis on internal controls. A more structured control over the internal audit function is needed to provide sufficient assurance to head office. Due to the varying cultures, business practices and government regulations, there are many difficulties in the establishment of a centralized internal audit approach for different audit units in the region. These have been resolved by the international bank in this case study through (1) developing and implementing a uniform audit planning model; (2) establishing centres of excellence to cultivate expert knowledge in specific systems to streamline the development efforts in audit programme formulation; (3) formulating an Internal Audit Manual with laid‐down guidelines on the roles, objectives, standards of performance and work procedures for the audit units; (4) setting up a uniform reporting line; (5) standardizing the job descriptions of internal auditors to ensure that the audit units are staffed by qualified personnel with adequate skills and competence; (6) improving the communications and networking of the audit units to promote ideas and experience exchange; (7) enhancing cross‐functional or even cross‐border exposure through job rotation to other audit units.

Auditors′ belief revisions are found to be influenced by the presentation order of audit evidence. The Belief Adjustment model developed by Hogarth and Einhorn predicts recency effects when certain task variables are present. An unanswered question remains: Do individual psychological differences play a role in influencing the recency effect? Reports the findings of an empirical test on recency effect in auditors′ belief revision process and its relation to the field dependence cognitive style (a personal/individual variable). Twenty auditor‐subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire on an internal control case using “complex, mixed” evidence in a step‐by‐step response mode. The research findings confirmed the existence of a significant recency effect and showed that the field dependence cognitive style interacts with the order of evidence to influence the auditors′ belief‐adjustment process.

The authors propose to estimate a varying coefficient panel data model with different smoothing variables and fixed effects using a two-step approach. The pilot step estimates the varying coefficients by a series method. We then use the pilot estimates to perform a one-step backfitting through local linear kernel smoothing, which is shown to be oracle efficient in the sense of being asymptotically equivalent to the estimate knowing the other components of the varying coefficients. In both steps, the authors remove the fixed effects through properly constructed weights. The authors obtain the asymptotic properties of both the pilot and efficient estimators. The Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed estimator performs well. The authors illustrate their applicability by estimating a varying coefficient production frontier using a panel data, without assuming distributions of the efficiency and error terms.

This paper aims to present an approach by which to assess the potential of branding a particular type of place resource or feature.

A review was conducted to analyse three key periodicals (Journal of Brand Management, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy and Journal of Place Management and Development) in the field of branding and place branding between 2000 and 2011. These three periodicals are recognized as the three leading periodicals of place branding, and they followed the clear establishment and development of the field of place branding.

Familiarity, favourability and uniqueness are the three dimensions that give a quick indication of the level of place brand equity, and in turn they represent the level of place brand potential.

In the literature, brand potential is not well conceptualized. This paper identifies this knowledge gap through a review of place branding studies, and it closes the gap by connecting brand potential with place brand equity.

This paper suggests practical and research directions by which to study these three dimensions to generate valuable brands for places.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the perceptions of visitors in terms of multiple aspects of smart cities to allow wise decisions to be made about smart tourist destinations by municipal governments and tourism authorities.

This study takes a sample of inbound visitors (n=205) from Hong Kong as an empirical questionnaire-based survey on visitors’ perceptions of these smart city attributes, which are collected from literature, and framed in Cohen’s Smart City Wheel.

This paper identifies the distinctive factors for branding Hong Kong as a smart city. The results from the factor analysis identify four factors for determining what a smart city is from the perspective of visitors, namely, the quality of a smart society: energy consumption in an urban environment, smart city governance and smart city livelihood. The first two factors further become the determinants of a successful smart city brand considered by visitors, which contribute to their locational decisions and thus the strategies and policies of smart destination branding.

The results obtained can serve as insights for tourism policy makers and destination marketers when considering significant information and communication technology, or other smart and sustainable attributes for city branding (e.g. Buhalis and Amaranggana, 2014; Marine-Roig and Anton Clavé, 2015), as well as common investment and resource allocation for shared benefits in similar metropolises.

The smartness factors represent important dimensions of urban smartness as prioritized areas for further development, innovation and marketing of tourism industries and enterprises in Hong Kong, as a mature urban destination incorporating the branding of a proposed smart district as a strategy of urban development.

Smart urban development and tourism development have increasingly become inseparable, especially when visitors utilize cities as tourist destinations but share other urban resources and spaces with local citizens. Unlike the development of smart tourist attractions, smart tourist destinations should have a wider scope of smartness. A smart tourist destination may carry similar and overlapping characteristics of smart cities, which may be interpreted by visitors and may eventually affect their perceived image of a city.

In the last four years, since Volume I of this Bibliography first appeared, there has been an explosion of literature in all the main functional areas of business. This wealth of material poses problems for the researcher in management studies — and, of course, for the librarian: uncovering what has been written in any one area is not an easy task. This volume aims to help the librarian and the researcher overcome some of the immediate problems of identification of material. It is an annotated bibliography of management, drawing on the wide variety of literature produced by MCB University Press. Over the last four years, MCB University Press has produced an extensive range of books and serial publications covering most of the established and many of the developing areas of management. This volume, in conjunction with Volume I, provides a guide to all the material published so far.

This chapter begins with a reflection on the call for investigating how entrepreneurial competencies are developed (Bird, 1995) in the context of university-based entrepreneurship centers. Through clarifying the nature of entrepreneurial competencies and applying a social constructivist perspective of learning, it is proposed that effective nurturing of entrepreneurial competencies for university students through entrepreneurship centers shall be based on five key characteristics; namely, active experimentation, authenticity, social interaction, sense of ownership, and scaffolding support. The chapter contributes to the literature through establishing a link between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial competencies in the context of university-based entrepreneurship centers, which have become an increasingly popular way for promoting entrepreneurial development. The practical implications on nurturing entrepreneurs through entrepreneurship centers are discussed, together with the directions for further research. This chapter is designed as a refection upon Bird’s original article articulating the concept of entrepreneurial competencies. In this chapter, the author outlines how entrepreneurial competencies can be developed through education programs, specifically via entrepreneurship centers.

To provide an in-depth survey and review of innovation in library and information services (LIS) and to identify future trends in innovative research and its practical application in the field.

An in-depth review and summation of relevant literature over the last twenty years, along with an analysis and summary of the other papers in the volume.

Innovation in library and information work varies between the evolutionary and the discontinuous. A taxonomy of innovatory approaches to development and provision in the sector is provided, along with a detailed listing of the key elements of successful and not-so-successful innovative practice.

The work is dependent on existing literature rather than direct empirical work. However, because it draws together all major aspects of the topic, it has the potential to be used as a springboard for further generic studies and also specific programmes of work.

The need for innovation in LIS will be ever more pressing. The present chapter provides a necessary and rigorous overview of the necessary elements required for success in this area. It will be useful as a reference tool for intending researchers in library and information provision in a wide range of environments.

Because the chapter brings together a substantial body of information on the topic of innovation, it provides a comprehensive study of major developments and likely future trends in the field.

Gives an in depth view of the strategies pursued by the world’s leading chief executive officers in an attempt to provide guidance to new chief executives of today. Considers the marketing strategies employed, together with the organizational structures used and looks at the universal concepts that can be applied to any product. Uses anecdotal evidence to formulate a number of theories which can be used to compare your company with the best in the world. Presents initial survival strategies and then looks at ways companies can broaden their boundaries through manipulation and choice. Covers a huge variety of case studies and examples together with a substantial question and answer section.