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The purpose of this paper is to apply a new idea and scientific method to evaluate the enterprise's independent innovation capability accurately.

The matter‐element, extension set and independent function in extension theory are introduced briefly. Based on extension theory, the matter‐element model on comprehensive evaluation of the enterprise's independent innovation capability is established. Then, an instance which makes structural analysis on the enterprise's independent innovation capability with extension evaluation method is given.

The matter‐element model on comprehensive evaluation of the enterprise's independent innovation capability is established. Extension evaluation method can combine qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis to reflect the changing process of the objective appropriately. By means of the matter‐element model, the evaluation result shows which the grade does the enterprise's independent innovation capability belong to.

Extension evaluation method resorting to extension theory, cannot only reveal the evaluation grade and competitive advantage of an enterprise within the industry or within the scope of the evaluation, but also show comprehensive index level of the enterprise's independent innovation capability.

It is significant to monitor the enterprise's development and changes effectively, find the key factors influencing the enterprise's independent innovation capability and take effective measures in time.

New idea and scientific method are introduced into the enterprise's independent innovation activity, and it can integrate both qualitative and quantitative analysis to solve contradictory problems.

Prefabricated technology is gradually being applied to the construction of subway stations due to its characteristic of mechanization. However, the prefabricated subway station in China is in the initial stage of development, which is prone to construction safety issues. This study aims to evaluate the construction safety risks of prefabricated subway stations in China and formulate corresponding countermeasures to ensure construction safety.

A construction safety risk evaluation index system for the prefabricated subway station was established through literature research and the Delphi method. Furthermore, based on the structure entropy weight method, matter-element theory and evidence theory, a hybrid evaluation model is developed to evaluate the construction safety risks of prefabricated subway stations. The basic probability assignment (BPA) function is obtained using the matter-element theory, the index weight is calculated using the structure entropy weight method to modify the BPA function and the risk evaluation level is determined using the evidence theory. Finally, the reliability and applicability of the evaluation model are verified with a case study of a prefabricated subway station project in China.

The results indicate that the level of construction safety risks in the prefabricated subway station project is relatively low. Man risk, machine risk and method risk are the key factors affecting the overall risk of the project. The evaluation results of the first-level indexes are discussed, and targeted countermeasures are proposed. Therefore, management personnel can deeply understand the construction safety risks of prefabricated subway stations.

This research fills the research gap in the field of construction safety risk assessment of prefabricated subway stations. The methods for construction safety risk assessment are summarized to establish a reliable hybrid evaluation model, laying the foundation for future research. Moreover, the construction safety risk evaluation index system for prefabricated subway stations is proposed, which can be adopted to guide construction safety management.

In order to improve the comprehensive evaluation level of shield tunnel structure health, taking a subway tunnel section as an example, and combined with the onsite measured data, such as regular inspection, health monitoring and disease remediation, this paper introduces the variable weight theory to improve the traditional fixed-weight evaluation method from structural deformation, current durability and disease status.

Considering the influence of the fluctuation of each index value on the index weight, a comprehensive structural health evaluation model of shield tunnel based on an improved variable weight matter-element extension model is proposed.

Compared with the traditional fixed-weight evaluation method, this model can correct the evaluation distortion caused by the fluctuation of index value and has optimal effect.

The sensitive analysis shows that several key indicators of the main threats to tunnel structure are obtained to improve the efficiency of operation, maintenance and management of shield tunnel structure.

To improve power system peak dispatching ability, connecting energy-storage device such as electric vehicle (EV) and regenerative electric heater (REH) to power grid is a good choice.

This paper establishes a multi-energy combined peak dispatching system MCPDS which includes EV, REH and wind power. The matter-element extension model based on improved variable weight theory is applied to evaluate MCPDS synthetic benefit.

The research shows that the MCPDS established in this paper performs excellently in security benefit, economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit.

With the assistance of energy storage devices such as EV and REH, the electrical system peak dispatching ability and power system operation efficiency has improved. More devices with energy-storage ability should be introduced into electrical power system to improve its synthetic benefit.

Because of the properties of loess, the occurrence of collapse following deformation of a large settlement is a common problem during the excavation of tunnels on loess ground. Hence, risk management for safer loess tunnel construction is of great significance. The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of factors on collapse risk of loess tunnels and establish a risk assessment model using rough set theory and extension theory.

The surrounding rock level, groundwater conditions, burial depth, excavation method and support close time were selected as the factors and settlement deformation was the verification index for risk assessment. First, using rough set theory, the influence of risk factors on the collapse risk of loess tunnels was calculated by researching engineering data of excavated sections. Then, a collapse risk assessment model was developed based on extension theory. As the final step, the model was applied to practical engineering in the Loess Plateau of China.

The weights of surrounding rock level, groundwater conditions, burial depth, excavation method and support close time obtained using rough set theory were respectively 10.811 per cent, 18.919 per cent, 24.324 per cent, 40.541 per cent and 5.406 per cent. The assessment results obtained using the model were in good agreement with field observations.

This study highlights key points in collapse risk management of loess tunnels, which could be very useful for future construction methods. The model, using easily obtained parameters, helps in predicting the collapse risk level of loess tunnels excavated under different geological conditions and by different construction organizations and provides a reference for future studies.

This paper aims to establish a model to evaluate the benefits of building information modeling (BIM) from the owners' perspective. The model analyzes the correlation between five secondary benefit indicators and their subsystems: product, financial, organizational, management and strategic. The final key factors of BIM benefits provide a decision-making basis for owners to raise the efficiency of BIM application.

Firstly, the authors combed 31 BIM-related literature and interviewed experts to identify 15 preliminary benefit indicators. The authors established a BIM benefit evaluation system based on relevant concepts, including two primary indicators, five secondary indicators and 15 tertiary indicators. Secondly, the authors analyzed the indicators by the extension theory of matter element analysis and a questionnaire survey of expert opinion. Finally, the new method was applied to a case study of a large shopping center in east China for empirical verification.

A BIM benefit evaluation model, including a three-tiered hierarchy of primary, secondary and tertiary indicators, was constructed through literature review and expert opinions. The model determined the critical factors of BIM benefits, enhanced understanding of owner benefits and improved BIM application under the owners' leadership.

At present, most studies focus on specific project stages or benefit indicators. This study developed an integrated BIM benefit evaluation system that targets owners. The findings could foster the development of China's construction industry, promote owner-led BIM application and advocate adopting the benefit evaluation method.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential risks of copyright infringement in digital library based on the extension theory.

At first, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to determine the weights of the existing indicator system for early warning. Second, a model is built to evaluate the potential risks of copyright infringement based on the extension theory in digital library. Finally, a real-world application is presented to show the effectiveness and usefulness of this approach.

The main findings of this paper are as follows: the early warning extension theory model is effective in distinguishing the degree of the potential risks of copyright infringement in digital library; the ranges of the value and the values of the indicators can directly affect the results while using this approach, so the accuracy of these two aspects is a crucial question.

The social impact is that copyright infringement risks of digital library is reduced; the lawsuit rate and economic loss due to copyright infringement are thereby decreased as well.

This paper introduces the evaluation of the potential risks of copyright infringement based on the extension theory in digital library. The results provide support for the decision-makers in handling the potential risks of copyright infringement in digital library.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate green buildings from the angle of greenness and improve the evaluation system. And the matter-element extension method is used to evaluate the greenness of green buildings, in order to provide useful references for the evaluation system of green buildings.

First, this paper studies the aspects of safety and durability, health and comfort, living convenience, resource-saving, environmental liability and ecological quality, etc. For the first time, carbon emission is included in the evaluation system, 18 key evaluation indexes are determined by using the Delphi method, and the green building evaluation index system is established. Then, the combined weight method is proposed to determine the weight of each evaluation index, and the greenness evaluation model of green building is established with the matter-element extension method. Finally, taking Beijing Daxing International Airport as an example, the evaluation model of green building greenness was established to evaluate the building.

In this paper, the greenness evaluation model of green building established by the matter-element extension method solves the problem of incompatibility between qualitative and quantitative material elements in multi-factor evaluation. It makes the evaluation indexes more accurate and objective relative to the affiliation calculation of the evaluation set and improves the scientific, accuracy and reliability of the evaluation model.

In this paper, for the first time, carbon emission-related indicators are included in the green building evaluation system, which makes the evaluation system more perfect. In addition, a more scientific extension matter-element method is used to evaluate the greenness of green buildings, breaking the previous rough star evaluation method.

The purpose of this study is to identify the causative factors of metro construction safety accidents, analyze the correlation between accidents and causative factors and assist in developing safety management strategies for improving safety performance in the context of the Chinese construction industry.

To achieve these objectives, 13 types and 48 causations were determined based on 274 construction safety accidents in China. Then, 204 cause-and-effect relationships among accidents and causations were identified based on data mining. Next, network theory was employed to develop and analyze the metro construction accident causation network (MCACN).

The topological characteristics of MCACN were obtained, it is both a small-world network and a scale-free network. Controlling critical causative factors can effectively control the occurrence of metro construction accidents. Degree centrality strategy is better than closeness centrality strategy and betweenness centrality strategy.

In practice, it is very difficult to quantitatively identify and determine the importance of different accidents and causative factors. The weights of nodes and edges are failed to be assigned when constructing MCACN.

This study provides a theoretical basis and feasible management reference for construction enterprises in China to control construction risks and reduce safety accidents. More safety resources should be allocated to control critical risks. It is recommended that safety managers implement degree centrality strategy when making safety-related decisions.

This paper establishes the MCACN model based on data mining and network theory, identifies the properties and clarifies the mechanism of metro construction accidents and causations.

The image of the construction industry in China, as in many other countries, is tarnished by its poor safety record. With the rapid development of subway systems in Chinese urban areas, construction workers are being exposed to new risks which are poorly understood and managed. Subway construction projects are large scale and scattered over many construction sites, and involve numerous stakeholders and sophisticated technologies in challenging underground environments. Accident rates are high and have significant economic and social consequences for the firms and people involved. Addressing the gap in research about the safety risk in these projects, the purpose of this paper is to advance understanding of the factors influencing the safety of Chinese subway construction projects with the overall objective of reducing accident rates.

A survey was conducted with 399 subway construction professionals across five stakeholder groups. Follow-up interviews were also conducted with five experienced experts in safety management on subway projects to validate the results.

It was found that the eight most critical factors perceived by stakeholders to influence safety risks on Chinese subway projects are: project management team; contractor-related factors; site underground environment; safety protection during the use of machines; safety management investment; site construction monitoring and measurement; hazard identification and communication; and use of machines in all stages. This indicates that in allocating limited project resources to improve the safety of subway projects, managers should focus on: developing safety knowledge and positive attitudes in leadership teams; formulating effective risk management systems to identify, assess, mitigate, measure and monitor safety risks on site; improving communications with stakeholders about these risks and effectively managing plant, equipment and machinery.

This research contributes a new multi-stakeholder perspective to the lack of safety research in Chinese subway construction projects. The research findings provide important new insights for policymakers and managers in improving safety outcomes on these major projects, producing potentially significant social and economic benefits for society and the construction industry.