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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the economics of various printing processes proposed for small‐scale electronic products such as radio frequency identification tags, smart cards, and wireless sensors, and to present a new transfer printing method.

The costs of several types of microstructuring techniques were calculated from commercial product data, along with a detailed spreadsheet simulation of inkjet printing for microelectronics. A new material for transfer printing was developed, along with suitable tooling for placing small and thin dice on flexible substrates.

The cost analysis of inkjet printing suggests that it may not be substantially less expensive than conventional silicon technology for this purpose, while achieving inferior performance. Offset printing is cheaper but further from practicality. The new transfer printing process successfully prints very small silicon dice at high speed, and appears to meet the market needs with respect to cost, product performance and flexibility in readily producing different designs.

The cost analysis depends on assumptions which are not all well known, and which change with time. The new method has not yet been run in a high‐volume production mode. Such experience will be necessary to fully confirm its value.

This analysis identifies cost factors which have not been generally appreciated in public discussions of printed electronics. The transfer printing process offers a unique way to make cost‐effective use of silicon integrated circuits which are much smaller than any that appear in products today, and may have ramifications beyond the original target of tags and sensors.

The review glances upon the colorants used for printing on ceramic substrates by ink jet technology and techniques, chemistry involved during the selection of the colorants.

The ink jet technology is an easy and a convenient technique, specially designed colorants are used for such applications with tailor made properties and features.

New developments in technology and chemistry of colorants to achieve successes in application studies of ceramic substrates.

N/A.

This review glances upon the history, development and practical approach of the current techniques with available dyes and pigments and the techniques involved during the synthesis and application.

The review paper provides information about the development of the inkjet technique on ceramics and available colorants with methods.

strategic alliances/collaborative strategies;

defending against global competitors;

related diversification;

entrepreneurship-organizational life cycle; and

evaluating strategies for firm growth.

MBA/PGP level programmes in management and/or entrepreneurship.

Aztec Fluids & Machinery, set up just over four years ago in the city of Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India, caters to the printer hardware, spares and consumables needs of the digital ink jet printing market. The company has identified vendors principally from the UK and China for its printers and consumable sourcing and presently markets these using a hybrid channel structure of direct selling and through 12 distributors in ten cities of India. A recent development of note is the successful transformation of a flexible roll printer into a flat-bed type one by the co-founder. The experiment assumes significance since the cost of a conventional flat-bed screen printer is almost five times that of the improvised printer. The huge, fragmented, price-sensitive, yet quality-conscious market in India offers immense potential for this innovation. At the same time, Aztec's recent interactions with a couple of its UK-based vendors present other alternatives for growth.

To explore organizational life cycle: the introduction and early growth phases.

To understand alliance dynamics for early-stage entrepreneurs –rationale, management and the manifestation of trust between different types of partners: suppliers and customers.

To understand how small firms prepare for and evaluate the challenges of growth.

Teaching note.

The purpose of this paper is to study the repeatability of path manufacturing in the drop on demand inkjet printing process and the influences of environmental and application factors on path resistance.

Paths were printed as multiline paths in packets one-, two- and three-layer paths on polyimide substrates using nanoparticle silver ink. The sintering conditions were determined experimentally. The paths were subjected to climatic and shock exposures and to bending processes. The resistance, profile and width of the paths were measured and analyzed. The temperature distribution for electrically heated paths was measured to identify the defects.

This research shows the repeatability of printing processes and identifies the sources that cause diversification in path parameters after the whole technological process. The influence of shock, climatic and mechanical exposures on path electrical properties is indicated. An effective method for identifying defects thermally is shown.

The research could have limited universality by arbitrarily use of substrate material, ink, printhead, process parameters and kind of sample exposures.

The research includes practically useful information about the width, thickness, defects and resistances and their changes during a typical application for a path printed with different technological parameters.

This research presents the results of original empirical research on problems concerning the manufacture of paths with uniform parameters and shows how path parameters will change under exposures that may occur in a typical application. The research combines both production and application aspects.

This paper aims to study the physical and chemical characteristics of inkjet titanium dioxide inks for cotton fabric digital printing.

Different dispersing agents through the reaction of glycerol monooleate and toluene diisocyanate were prepared and then performed by using three different polyols (succinic anhydride-modified polyethylene glycol PEG 600, EO/PO Polyether Monoamine and p-chloro aniline Polyether Monoamine), to obtain three different dispersing agents for water-based titanium dioxide inkjet inks. The prepared dispersants were characterized using FTIR to monitor the reaction progress. Then the prepared dispersants were formulated in titanium dioxide inkjet inks formulation and characterized by particle size, dynamic surface tension, transmission electron microscopy, viscosity and zeta potential against commercial dispersants. Also, the study was extended to evaluate the printed polyester by using the prepared inks according to washing and crock fastness.

The obtained results showed that p-chloro aniline Polyether Monoamine (J) and succinic anhydride modified polyethylene glycol PEG 600 (H) dispersants provided optimum performance as compared to commercial standards especially, particle size distribution data while EO/PO Polyether Monoamine based on dispersant was against and then failed with the wettability and dispersion stability tests.

These ink formulations could be used for printing on cotton fabric by DTG technique of printing and can be used for other types of fabrics.

The newly prepared ink formulation for digital textile printing based on synthesized polyurethane prepolymers has the potential to be promising in this type of printing inks, to prevent clogging of nozzles on the printhead and to improve the print quality on the textile fiber.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a high‐throughput approach to optimize printing of pigment‐based formulations.

A total of 40 formulations were robotically prepared by varying the concentrations of diethyleneglycol, glycerol and surfynol. In addition, a variety of inkjet printer (process) variables (voltage, pulse width and frequency) was varied. The combined influence of these two sets of variables on printing performance were determined, analysed and optimised using the Statistical Software Package (MODDE 8), which uses multiple linear regression and partial least square analysis.

The components diethyleneglycol and surfynol were observed to predominantly control viscosity and surface tension of all formulations, which voltage and pulse width were found to be the main factors controlling the spread of the droplet on the substrate.

Optimisation of pigment‐based formulations has typically involved the one‐by‐one systematic variation of components in a stepwise manner. The work reported here allowed the generation of a robust model allowing the properties of any new formulation to be accurately predicted. Importantly, the experimental tools and methods developed can be applied quite generally to the preparation of any new formulation for inkjet printing application.

Experimental design and high‐throughput technology allow new formulations to be accurately predicted for diverse inkjet applications.

The purpose of this paper is to find optimal sintering conditions of silver-based nano-inks for achieving the high electrical conductivity of the deposited layers applied on polyimide foils as well as the influence of ageing on the electrical conductivity. Therefore, the investigation in the field of silver layers deposited by inkjet printing technology is presented in this paper.

The four-point resistance measurements were realized for a detailed and precise analysis of the resistance of two different silver layers under different sintering conditions depending on the type of nano-ink varied about the recommended values. Highly accelerated stress tests (HASTs) were also applied as an ageing method for confirmation of the high electrical stability of the silver layers.

The results prove the strong influence of the temperature and the time of the sintering process on the sheet resistance of the investigated silver-based layers deposited by inkjet printing technology on polyimide foils. The HASTs caused significant changes in the electrical conductivity for both nano-inks presented in this paper. The existence of noticeable dependence among the resistivity, thermal treatment and ageing was proved.

The main benefit lays in the optimization of sintering conditions to improve the electrical conductivity of the silver layers. The paper also presents a new approach for a stability analysis of the silver layers by HASTs.

This paper aims to print 3D structures from polymers that resist bacterial attachment by reactive jetting of acrylate monomers.

The first step towards printing was ink development. Inks were characterised to carry out an estimation of their potential printability using the Z parameter to predict stable jetting conditions. Printability conditions were optimised for each ink using a Dimatix DMP-2800, which enabled 3D structures to be fabricated.

UV photo-initiated polymers, which resist bacterial attachment, were found to be printable using piezo-based inkjet printers. The waveform required for each ink depends on the value of the Z parameter. Once the waveform and the printability parameters were optimised, 3D objects were fabricated.

This methodology has been confirmed as an effective method to 3D print materials that have been demonstrated to be bacteria resistant. However, ink curing depends on modification of some parameters (such as photoinitiator concentration or UV exposure time) which would result in an improvement of the curing process post jetting.

The combination of inkjet based 3D printing with new materials resistant to bacterial attachment means the possibility of building customised medical devices with a high level of complexity and bespoke features can be fully realised. The scope and variability of the devices produced will exceed what can be achieved using standard fabrication methodologies and can be applied to reduce the incidence of device associated infections and to address increased morbidity, mortality and health care costs associated with nosocomial infections.

In this paper, the novel use of materials that resist bacterial attachment has been described to build 3D structures using material jetting. Its value lies on the potential impact this methodology could produce in the biomedical device and research fields.

This paper aims to present a requirements analysis for the processing of water-based electrode dispersions in inkjet printing.

A detailed examination of the components and the associated properties of the electrode dispersions has been carried out. The requirements of the printing process and the resulting performance characteristics of the electrode dispersions were analyzed in a top–down approach. The product and process side were compared, and the target specifications of the dispersion components were derived.

Target ranges have been identified for the main component properties, balancing the partly conflicting goals between the product and the process requirements.

The findings are expected to assist with the formulation of electrode dispersions as printing inks.

Little knowledge is available regarding the particular requirements arising from the systematic qualification of aqueous electrode dispersions for inkjet printing. This paper addresses these requirements, covering both product and process specifications.

A disperse fluorescent yellow paste was mixed with a dispersant naphthalene sulfonic derivative via wet grinding process to prepare thermal transfer ink with good fluorescence. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

The surface tension, viscosity, pH value, zeta potential, stability and the morphology of ink samples were tested after the storing process.

The morphology of paste was homogeneous nearly spherical nanoparticles and the particle size was about 100 nm from the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which was similar to the average particle size obtained from the particle size analyser.

The paste particle size was 126.8 nm after storing at 50°C for one week. The addition of diethylene glycol was conducive to high fluorescent reflectivity and gave good line image quality both in warp and weft directions due to the low viscosity. Inkjet printed polyester fabrics achieved excellent rubbing, laundering and thermal subliming fastnesses.

The polyester fabrics thermal transferred with the ink contained diethylene glycol represented higher fluorescent reflectivity and gave better line image quality both in warp and weft directions. The inkjet printed polyester fabrics showed excellent colour reproducibility and all the fastnesses, including rubbing, laundering and thermal subliming, were higher than Grade 4.