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Farmer exchange rate (FER) is the ratio between a farmer's income and expenditure and is also an indicator of farmers’ welfare. There is little research regarding its use in risk modeling in crop insurance. This study seeks to propose a design for a household margin insurance scheme of the agricultural sector based on FER.

This research employs various risk modeling concepts, i.e. value at risk, loss models and premium calculation, to construct the proposed model. The standard linear, static and time-varying copula models are used to identify the dependency between variables involved in calculating FER.

First, FER can be considered as the primary variable for risk modeling in agricultural household margin insurance because it demonstrates farmers’ financial ability. Second, temporal dependence estimated using the time-varying copula can minimize errors, reduce the premium rate and result in a tighter guarantee's level of security.

This research extends the previous similar studies related to the use of index ratio in margin insurance loss modeling. Its authenticity is in the use of FER, which represents the farmers' trading capability. FER determines farmers’ losses by considering two aspects: the farmers’ income rate and their ability to fulfill their life and farming needs. Also, originality exists in the use of the time-varying copulas in identifying the dependence of the indices involved in calculating FER.

This study aims to analyze the productivity improvement strategies of the agricultural sector based on the problems faced by the agricultural sector in Central Java, Indonesia.

The analysis is done through interviews, literature studies and analytical hierarchy process data processing aids.

The results show that the strategy for developing the agricultural sector in Central Java needs to be focused on institutional factors to organize the field agricultural sector institutions. The ideal institution for the development of the agricultural sector in Central Java is cooperatives that can be accompanied by the Islamic Microfinance Institutions (LKMS).

This paper will contribute new knowledge specifically about the productivity improvement strategy through the cooperative institution.

This research aims to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the social and macroeconomic conditions of East Nusa Tenggara Province (ENT) and formulate strategies, policies, and programs for post-COVID-19 economic recovery. The study used two approaches, namely quantitative and qualitative approaches, where quantitative was used to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the macroeconomic variables of ENT. Meanwhile, a qualitative approach is used to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on social conditions and then formulate strategies, policies, and programs to overcome the economy after COVID-19. To help researchers analyze conditions and formulate strategies and policies using SWOT and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) analysis, then create a model for the economic development of ENT after COVID-19. The results of this study are the economic growth of ENT from the business sector, namely the accommodation, food and drink sector, then the wholesale and retail trade sector, followed by the transportation and warehousing sectors. Meanwhile, the sectors that experienced significant growth were information and communication. In the social aspect, poverty and unemployment rates have increased. Economic development strategies and policies are improving the quality of telecommunications networks in tourism areas, economic digitization, providing internet facilities, and free learning tools for underprivileged students. Collaboration between academics, government, leaders, business actors, and the media for economic development through social enterprises is needed. The impact of this research is to contribute to economic development after COVID-19 in ENT.

Development policies should boost the potency of human and natural resources. Reducing poverty and disparities and economic growth between regions still require hard work from stakeholders in North Maluku. Our study presents that poverty reduction and unemployment reduction in North Maluku have not been optimal. The poverty rate in North Maluku Province in 2011 was 9.17%, while the unemployment rate in the same period was 5.4%.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the use of Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), a piece of US tax law that allows for tax‐deferred exchanges of like‐kind property.

The paper derives a theoretical premium value for exchanges and presents the first national level analysis of Federal tax data on the use of like‐kind exchanges involving farmland between 1999 and 2005.

There is significant interest in Section 1031 from stakeholders in rural communities because there is widespread belief that the recent growth in farmland values may have, in part, been stimulated by Section 1031 exchanges of farmland. Despite these concerns, little is known about the extent of such exchanges.

This paper provides insight into the value and use of the IRC's Section 1031 provision. Based on simulations of a theoretical model using plausible assumptions about asset growth, the paper shows how proposed tax changes will affect the tax value of the deferral.

Allyn Young′s lectures, as recorded by the young Nicholas Kaldor, survey the historical roots of the subject from Aristotle through to the modern neo‐classical writers. The focus throughout is on the conditions making for economic progress, with stress on the institutional developments that extend and are extended by the size of the market. Organisational changes that promote the division of labour and specialisation within and between firms and industries, and which promote competition and mobility, are seen as the vital factors in growth. In the absence of new markets, inventions as such play only a minor role. The economic system is an inter‐related whole, or a living “organon”. It is from this perspective that micro‐economic relations are analysed, and this helps expose certain fallacies of composition associated with the marginal productivity theory of production and distribution. Factors are paid not because they are productive but because they are scarce. Likewise he shows why Marshallian supply and demand schedules, based on the “one thing at a time” approach, cannot adequately describe the dynamic growth properties of the system. Supply and demand cannot be simply integrated to arrive at a picture of the whole economy. These notes are complemented by eleven articles in the Encyclopaedia Britannica which were published shortly after Young′s sudden death in 1929.

The purpose of this paper is to identify sources and quantifying distortions to agricultural incentives to produce along the small ruminant value chains in Ethiopia.

National and district level average nominal rate of protection (NRPs) were computed for a five-year period (2010–2015). The authors developed four scenarios based on combinations of the different data generation processes employed in relation to each of the key variables.

The NRPs at farm gate and retail market for both sheep and goats are negative indicating a strong deviation of producer and retailer prices from the comparable export prices over the five-year period. Policy induced distortions were separated from market inefficiencies through use of data on access costs throughout the value chain. These access costs are positive and significant in value. It is clear that market inefficiencies are also due to government policy to a certain extent.

This study focuses only on sheep and goat value chains and covers only five-year period. This certainly limits the extrapolability of the results.

This study presents the extent to which smallholder livestock keepers are discouraged through disincentives in a unique context. This is the first study done on small ruminant value chains in the developing world.

This paper aims to examine the compensation practices and the valuation methods valuers apply in the context of the current legal framework for expropriation to assess compensation for farms impacted by mining in Ghana.

Compensation reports and archival materials were examined to identify the issues related to the valuation methods, compensation practices and expropriation procedures in the mining sector. Interviews were then conducted with 35 farmers and farmers' representatives, officials of mining companies, representatives of the Land Valuation Division of the Lands Commission and valuers/researchers on the issues identified through the document analysis.

The results reveal that the lack of express standards for assessing compensation for mining-impacted crops has occasioned variations in the valuation methods and the standard crop population for compensation. The study further reveals the impacts of exchange rate distortions on crop compensation values.

The study empirically substantiates the arguments for a revised compensation regime in Ghana's mining sector. Valuers, mining companies and policymakers' awareness of this research will impact farm compensation valuation practices in the future.

The adequacy of compensation for mining-impacted farmers remains a topical issue, especially in African countries. This research contributes to the literature and reveals the socio-economic impacts of the current compensation regime on the livelihoods of expropriated farmers.

This paper is the first to analyse the valuation methods, the compensation values and the key parameters valuers apply in assessing compensation for mining-impacted crops in Ghana.