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Louise Dejan was a successful real estate developer operating throughout northeast England. The city council of her hometown of Newcastle faced a problem common to many areas: how to encourage private investment into less attractive areas. In August 2012, Newcastle's East Pilgrim Street neighborhood remained an eyesore, despite its great location between the city's Central Station and city hall. It was a natural place for Dejan to build a typical urban office building over street-level retail building. On a particularly attractive site sat an asbestos-contaminated building, which was a former home to the Bank of England. The costs of remediation had kept developers like Dejan away for many years. To encourage redevelopment, the Newcastle City Council had recently designated the East Pilgrim Street neighborhood an Accelerated Development Zone (ADZ). This gave Dejan access to Tax Increment Financing (TIF), a method by which public funds could be spent to encourage private sector redevelopment of designated parcels of land. After studying the details of TIF and the financial projections of a potential new development, Dejan had to decide whether she should be the first to redevelop property in this well-located but seemingly forgotten neighborhood.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR), marketing/branding, strategic management.

The case can be used in master, MBA and executive programs in courses on the following topics: CSR; strategic management; or strategic marketing.

The case describes the CSR initiatives at the Slovenian mobile phone operator Si.mobil d.d., with the two pillars of taking care of employees and taking care of the environment. The main protagonists describe the process of initiating, developing and communicating the initiative, as well as the individual actions taken. In a strategy meeting, Si.mobil's top management set out to discuss the strategic challenges that the company was facing, trying to find ways out of the potentially deadly price war and commoditization spiral. Specifically, the discussion in the management meeting revolved around how Si.mobil can position itself in the market, how it can find a sustainable USP and whether and if yes, how the company's CSR initiatives can play a significant role therein.

To foster critical thinking about the reasons for and effectiveness of CSR initiatives; to be able to assess the role that CSR initiatives can play in brand building and differentiation; to understand how CSR affects company performance through its effect on and feedback reactions from different stakeholder groups; to critically discuss the preconditions for effective CSR initiatives, and to see exemplarily how they can be initiated and managed; to understand the crucial role that leadership and communication are playing in CSR initiatives; to identify the vital links between internally oriented (employee-focused) and externally oriented (societal-focus) CSR strategies and actions.

Teaching note

The World Wide Web may be worldwide in its potential consumption, but hardly in its production. It demonstrates that globalisation is not a general state of affairs of the world, but a process of uneven development even, or maybe even more so, in the field of new technologies. The same can be said of public relations – its supply and demand are unevenly distributed around the world. This exploratory study investigates the global supply of public relations industry services and the supply of Internet services for public relations purposes in the USA, Austria and Slovenia.

The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of human age on the distribution of electric field and absorbed energy that originates from a mobile phone.

This research was performed for frequencies of 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz, which are used in a mobile communication system. To obtain the most accurate results, 3 D realistic model of the child’s head has been created whereby the dimensions of this model correspond to the dimensions of a seven-year-old child. Distribution of the electric field and specific absorption rate (SAR) through the child’s head was obtained by numerical analysis based on the finite integration technique.

The results discover that amount of absorbed energy is greater in the surface layers of the child’s head model when the electromagnetic (EM) characteristics of tissues are adjusted for the child. This deviation corresponds to different EM characteristics of biological tissues and organs of an adult person compared to a child.

The study deals with penetrated electrical field and absorbed EM field energy. There is space for further studies of other EM field effects (e.g. thermal effects).

The analysis of obtained results leads to idea that mobile phones and devices aimed for children using should be modified to provide SAR values inside prescribed standards.

The obtained results are foundation for future research on influence of EM fields of mobile devices on human health.

The proposed procedure offers the model for accurate estimation and quality analysis of SAR and EM field distribution inside child head tissue.

The motion of a disk spinning on a horizontal surface has drawn a great deal of interest recently. The objectives of the researches are to find out what produces an increasing rattling sound and why the spinning ends so abruptly. In order to understand the behaviour of the spinning disk better, we derived a mathematical model of the rolling/sliding motion of a thin, rigid disk on a rigid, rough horizontal plane, and found the numerical solution of the related initial value problem. Then we studied the motion of the commercially available Tangent Toy disk [3]. The results show that the normal contact force becomes very large whenever the inclination of the disk becomes small. As the inclination of the disk oscillates with time, the time‐graph of the normal contact force exhibits periodical peaks, which correlate well with the peaks in the recorded sound response. They could well be responsible for the rattling sound heard during the motion.

This paper aims to review the state of the art for the Tourism Review special issue on “Business Models in Tourism”. The authors’ purpose is twofold: first, to contextualize the empirical and conceptual contributions featured in the special issue in relation to the state of research on business models in tourism. Second, the authors position the special issue in the broader scholarly conversation on business models to identify avenues for future research.

The authors systematically review the content of tourism-specific business model studies from leading literature databases to answer four questions relevant for future work on business models in tourism: First, how do tourism scholars define the business model concept? Second, what is the ontological stance (object, schema or tool) of existing studies of tourism business models? Third, what are the methodological preferences of existing work on business models in tourism? And finally, what qualifies as rigorous business model research?

From the critical review of 32 contributions, the authors identify a minimal consensus and dominant approach to conceptualizing the business model concept in tourism studies. In addition, the authors reveal a strong preference for small-n case study research designs. In sum, those findings point to important gaps and design decisions for future business model studies in tourism.

This review of the state of research on business models in tourism details research opportunities with regard to theory, methods and applications that tourism scholars can investigate to contribute to the theory and practice of business model management.

This study made an advance over previous work by providing a modified model for measuring the competitiveness of tourism destinations based on competitive performance from a stakeholder perspective. Furthermore, this paper aims to evaluate the sources of relative strengths and weaknesses perceived of a destination.

This study uses a quantitative approach to seek opinions of 135 tourism stakeholders. Univariate and bivariate statistical analyses were used to describe the profile of the respondents, quantify the main findings and test the proposed hypotheses.

The results highlight the importance of safety in determining the attractiveness of a destination and its significance for the competitiveness of a destination. The strongest indicator of competitiveness is “Core resources and attractions,” while the weakest indicator is “Destination management.” Also, employees in public institutions and in the tourism industry in general have different opinions about competitive tourism destinations for most dimensions.

Despite the fact that the findings do not consider the demand side, which has a major impact on the destination, they minimize the research gap and contribute to the existing literature review.

The results are of particular value to stakeholders and destination management responsible for strengthening the competitiveness of tourism destinations.

The research progressed over previous studies by developing and empirically testing a modified conceptual model for measuring destination competitiveness from a supply-side perspective and recommending improvements for the emerging tourism destinations.

利益相关者对竞争性旅游目的地的看法：来自塞尔维亚的经验证据

本研究提供了一个修正模型, 用于从利益相关者的角度基于竞争绩效来衡量旅游目的地的竞争力, 从而比以前的工作有所进展。此外, 它旨在评估目的地感知的相对优势和劣势的来源。

本研究采用定量分析法征求了135 名旅游业利益相关者的意见。采用单变量和双变量统计分析方法对受访者的概况进行描述, 量化主要研究结果并检验所提出的假设。

结果强调了安全在决定目的地吸引力方面及其对目的地竞争力的重要性。竞争力最强的指标是“核心资源和景点”, 最弱的指标是“目的地管理”。 此外, 公共机构和旅游业的从业人员对竞争性旅游目的地在大多数方面的看法普遍不同。

尽管研究结果没有考虑对目的地有重大影响的需求方, 但它们最大限度地缩小了研究差距并对现有的研究综述有所帮助。

研究结果对于利益相关者和旅游目的地管理层加强旅游目的地的竞争力具有特别价值。

相较于以往的研究而言, 该研究的进展在于形成和实证检验一个修正的概念模型, 从供应方的角度衡量目的地竞争力, 并为新兴旅游目的地的竞争地位提出改进建议。

Las percepciones de las partes interesadas del destino turístico competitivo: las pruebas empíricas de Serbia

Este estudio avanzó sobre el anterior con proporcionar un modelo modificado para medir la competitividad de los destinos turísticos desde la perspectiva de las partes interesadas.  Además, el objetivo es evaluar los fuentes de las fuerzas y debilidades relativas, percibidas de un destino. 

Este estudio usa el enfoque cuantitativo para buscar opiniones de 135 actores del turísmo. Se utilizaron análisis estadísticos univariados y bivariados para describir el perfíl de encuestados, para cuantificar los resultados principales y para comprobar la hipótesis propuesta. 

Los resultados destacan la importancia de la seguridad para determinar el atractivo de un destino y su importancia para la competitividad de un destino. El indicador de competitividad más fuerte es “Recursos y atracciones principales”, mientras el indicador más débil es “Gestión de destinos”. Empleados en las instituciones públicas y en turismo en general, tienen opiniones diferentes sobre el destino turístico competitivo en la mayoría da las dimensiones.

A pesar de que los resultados no consideran el lado de la demanda, que tienen un mayor impacto en el destino, minimizan la brecha de la investigación y contribuyen a la revisión de literatura existente. 

Los resultados tienen un valor práctico para las partes interesadas y para la gestión del destino responsable de fortalecer la competitividad del destino turístico. 

Esta investigación progresó sobre los estudios anteriores desarrollando y empíricamente probando un modelo conceptual modificado para medir la competitividad de los destinos desde la perspectiva de la oferta, y las recomendaciones para los progresos competitivos de los destinos turísticos  emergentes. 

The main reason for writing this paper was the systematic determination of the state of internationalization of public higher education for the first time in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). This paper aims to compare the state of internationalization with the results of comparative European and world research in higher education in order to determine the direction of public universities in B&H following globalization and connection with the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), as well as to determine future steps for mandatory inclusion into global higher education flows. Furthermore, the aim was to determine the treatment of mobility and student exchange programs and the ways of recognizing acquired qualifications abroad.

The paper opted for a research study by conducting questionnaires that were divided into questions of elimination, questions of qualification and questions of the main survey. A total of 2,822 final year students were surveyed, as well as 386 representatives of the management of public universities. Within the paper, 25 different SWOT analyses of internationalization were performed by public universities, ministries and state/regional agencies, which was the basis for the SWOT analysis of the internationalization of B&H public higher education. The data were supplemented with a qualitative analysis of the obtained results compared with the International Association of Universities (IAU) and European Association for International Education (EAIE) research, as well as an overview of the most significant achievements in the field of internationalization of higher education.

The paper provides empirical results on the barriers of students to study abroad, the existence of strategies and indicators for internationalization, the benefits of internationalization, internal and external drivers of internationalization and the potential risks of internationalization. These empirical results for B&H were compared with complementary IAUs and EAIE research and provided the basis for SWOT analysis of internationalization, development of institutional internationalization strategies and indicators, B&H recognition model, new criteria for accreditation with emphasis on internationalization and criteria for assessing internationalization. The paper suggests that virtual mobility and internationalization at home are future logical trends of development internationalization in B&H.

Suggestions for future research related to the examination of identified potential risks to the management of the internationalization of individual institutions, as well as to future comparisons of the new state of internationalization of higher education in B&H with current similar research in Europe and the world. Regarding the limitations in the research, it was possible that a larger number of participants participated in the survey with questionnaires, although the target set at the beginning of the survey was achieved.

Most of the research results are the basis for improving the practical situation in the internationalization of public higher education in B&H. The paper presents a special chapter (undertaken improvement activities) dedicated to the practical implications based on the conducted research and comparison of results. Considering that this is a preliminary work related to the internationalization of higher education, based on the researched results, the context of the internationalization of public higher education in B&H was changed by the activities described in the mentioned chapter. The contribution to these activities was given by the approved project of the European Commission (EC) “strengthening of internationalization in B&H higher education” - STINT. Also, the research results of this paper offered a comparison with the research results of research conducted by IAUs and EAIE.

Different research groups participated in this research study: students, teachers, administration, representatives of ministries and state/regional agencies. All target groups supported the implementation of the questionnaire, the development of SWOT analyses and various reports, as well as the undertaking of various practical activities. In accordance with the research results, all these target groups were subsequently educated on issues of internationalization and recognition of qualifications. Stronger and better internationalization certainly increases the social impact on future students, higher education funders, as well as other interested stakeholders.

This is a preliminary study whose main goal was to review the state of internationalization and to identify the most important undertaken activities in B&H. For the higher education area in B&H, the research study is new and has undertaken internationalization activities, but on the other side, in other developed European countries, similar studies and activities are not new. For the field of higher education in B&H, this work and research results are important because they will be the basis for future internationalization activities and will also serve as a basis for future activities to be undertaken in this field. The value of this paper is significant for both internal and external stakeholders of higher education.

The implementation of high performance computing (HPC) in business (especially small and medium-sized enterprises) is accompanied with mistrust to a certain extent, which has imposed the need for building of digital trust (DTrust) among stakeholders. The purpose of the present paper is to find out the ways on how to build and maintain such trust.

Analysis and critical reflection on previous research dealing with phenomena of digital transformation (DT), HPC, corporate digital responsibility (CDR) and DTrust have enabled the authors to design their own conceptual model as the answer to the research questions of how, and in what way, CDR influences DTrust.

The authors have determined that the previous researches pointed to the existence of the correlation between CDR and DTrust although they did not elaborate on this explicitly. It was shown that the DT itself directly influences trust and sustainability. The indirect influence DT has via CDR was the task the authors undertook through designing a new conceptual model within whose frame the authors separately presented the influence of total CDR on DTrust as well as of the specific CDR dimensions on the particular dimensions of DTrust.

The authors tried to offer the conceptual model that exactly determines the relation of individual dimensions of the processed phenomena by analyzing theoretical and empirical researches carried out so far, and eo ipso shed more light on their mutual relation. The authors firmly believe that this paper offers a useful frame for further empirical researches.