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The aim of the present paper to compare the cleaning treatments of paper samples exposed to artificial aging, toluene and isopropyl alcohol gel in cleaning wax stains.
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of the present paper to compare the cleaning treatments of paper samples exposed to artificial aging, toluene and isopropyl alcohol gel in cleaning wax stains.
Design/methodology/approach
In total, paper samples were made from wood pulp. They had a deterioration phenomenon represented in the stains of the paraffin wax, so two types of cleaning were used: A traditional method using a toluene solution and another new method using isopropanol gel by a cotton swap in a circular movement until the completion of the cleaning process. Then, all paper samples were treated with toluene and isopropanol to handle the second artificial aging and detect how the samples were affected by artificial aging. For identifying the efficacy of these materials in removing paraffin wax stains, a range of examinations and analyses were used, such as universal serial bus, scanning electron microscope, infrared analysis (IR), pH analysis, color change analysis. Moreover, these results were compared with the standard sample’s results.
Findings
The results of examinations and analyses proved that the use of toluene affected the paper samples. Their effects were twice as weak, fragile and degraded paper fibers compared to isopropanol gel. Therefore, the isopropanol gel is preferred for paper cleaning to the toluene solution.
Originality/value
This paper highlights the efficiency of isopropyl alcohol gel in cleaning wax stains from historical paper supports.
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This paper seeks to rediscover the most suitable efficiency evaluation variables (input and output variables) for digital libraries and to employ the data envelopment analysis…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper seeks to rediscover the most suitable efficiency evaluation variables (input and output variables) for digital libraries and to employ the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to measure the resource utilization efficiency of university libraries.
Design/methodology/approach
In order to analyze and evaluate university library efficiency, the paper introduces the DEA‐CCR Model and the DEA‐BCC Model. Based on these research tools, the Technical Efficiency (CCR*BCC) was determined. First, a reference group was created with a 100 percent efficiency rate, then the factors contributing to inefficient DMUs were analyzed, and the difference in the efficiency rate compared according to the different governing bodies of the libraries. Finally, the difference of efficiency according to the introduction and rejection of electronic resources was analyzed. It was possible to measure the technical efficiency, pure‐technical efficiency, and scale efficiency.
Findings
The results showed that the efficiency of university libraries varied significantly according to whether or not electronic resources were included in the evaluation. In addition, the findings confirmed decision making units (DMUs) have a 100 percent efficiency rate and a low efficiency rate as well as proposed benchmarking DMUs for inefficient DMUs and a direction for future improvements.
Originality/value
The paper identifies that there was a significant difference in efficiency, according to the presence of electronic resources in university libraries.
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Edmond Berisha, Rangan Gupta and Orkideh Gharehgozli
The primary focus of this study is to examine the distributional consequences of the widespread increase in prices. The fundamental question the study aims to address is whether…
Abstract
Purpose
The primary focus of this study is to examine the distributional consequences of the widespread increase in prices. The fundamental question the study aims to address is whether the dynamics of income distribution due to higher inflation differ in the short term compared to the long run.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors estimated a panel-data model (fixed effects) using inequality and inflation data available at a high frequency, i.e. on a quarterly basis for over 30 years, and found evidence that inflation causes rapid swings in income distribution.
Findings
The authors’ contribution to the literature lies in providing evidence that inflation rapidly causes swings in income distribution, even after controlling for the state of the economy. The authors also demonstrate that the magnitude and direction of the effect of inflation on income inequality depend on whether the initial inflation rate is below or above the Federal Reserve’s target of 2%.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the authors are the first to emphasize that the targets set by central banks can drive the strength and direction of the relationship between inflation and income inequality.
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This study aims to assess how corporate telecommunication (telecom) policies follow telecom sector regulation in mobile money innovation for financial inclusion in developing…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to assess how corporate telecommunication (telecom) policies follow telecom sector regulation in mobile money innovation for financial inclusion in developing countries.
Design/methodology/approach
Telecom policies are understood in terms of mobile subscriptions, mobile connectivity coverage and mobile connectivity performance, whereas mobile money innovations represent mobile money accounts, the mobile used to send money and the mobile used to receive money. The empirical evidence is based on Tobit regressions.
Findings
Telecom sector regulation positively influences mobile money innovations. From net influences, mobile subscriptions and connectivity policies moderate telecom sector regulation to positively influence mobile money innovations, exclusively within the remit of mobile money accounts because the corresponding net influences on the mobile used to send money and the mobile used to receive money are negative. The interactive influences are consistently negative, and hence, thresholds for complementary policies are provided to maintain the positive influence of telecom sector regulation on mobile money innovations.
Originality/value
This study has complemented the extant literature by assessing how corporate telecommunication policies follow telecommunication sector regulation in mobile money innovations for financial inclusion.
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Sheunesu Zhou, Ayansola O. Ayandibu, Tendai Chimucheka and Mandla M. Masuku
This study evaluates the impact of government social protection interventions on households’ welfare in South Africa.
Abstract
Purpose
This study evaluates the impact of government social protection interventions on households’ welfare in South Africa.
Design/methodology/approach
The study uses survey data comprising 393 observations and the multinomial logistic regression technique to analyse the effect of government interventions on households’ welfare. For robustness purposes, a negative binomial regression model is also estimated whose results corroborate the main results from the multinomial regression model.
Findings
The study’s findings show that government economic interventions through social protection significantly reduce the likelihood of a decrease in household income or consumption. COVID-19 grant/social relief of distress grant, unemployment insurance, tax relief and job protection and creation are all significant in sustaining household income and consumption.
Practical implications
The findings have policy implications for social development. Specifically, the findings support the use of government social protection as a safety net for low-income groups in South Africa.
Originality/value
The study presents preliminary evidence on the effectiveness of several measures used to ameliorate the COVID-19-induced recession within the South African context.
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Through portfolio diversification, the author identifies the risk sharing deposit contract in a three-period model that maximizes the ex ante expected utility of depositors.
Abstract
Purpose
Through portfolio diversification, the author identifies the risk sharing deposit contract in a three-period model that maximizes the ex ante expected utility of depositors.
Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the author extends the study by Allen and Gale (1998) by adding a long-term riskless investment opportunity to the original portfolio of a short-term liquid asset and a long-term risky illiquid asset.
Findings
Unlike Allen and Gale, there are no information-based bank runs in equilibrium. In addition, the model can improve consumers' welfare over the Allen and Gale model. The author also shows that the bank will choose to liquidate the cheaper investments, in terms of the gain-loss ratios for the two types of existing long-term assets, when there is liquidity shortage in some cases. Such a policy reduces the liquidation cost and enables the bank to meet the outstanding liability to depositors without large liquidation losses.
Originality/value
The author believe that the reader would be interested in this article because it is relevant to real world where depositors rush to withdraw their deposits from a bank if there is negative information about future prospect of the bank asset portfolio and bank investment. Economists and financial analysts need to determine the suitable mechanism to improve the stability of the bank and the depositor welfare.
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Vikram Kumar and Srivastava Granthi
The purpose of this study is to understand the basics of interactions of groundwater and surface water, which is needed for effective management of water resources.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to understand the basics of interactions of groundwater and surface water, which is needed for effective management of water resources.
Design/methodology/approach
The experimental setup was framed using curved flume and the straight flume, which simulates the model of river and groundwater storage, respectively. The model set up further consists, downstream, central and upstream sections where 14 observation wells, which are arranged at a measured distance from the canal side.
Findings
Exit gradient is higher at downstream when the average head differences between canal and river are 31.9 cm and 35.7 cm. Free seepage height is more in the downstream wells than upstream and central wells. At the downstream section, there is a greater chance of instability of the riverbank.
Research limitations/implications
Results will be used for better planning of hydraulic structural design.
Practical implications
Results will help in storing the large water and better irrigation planning for the water acute states and locations.
Originality/value
The originality is own developed physical model and its own first type to understand the basic of interaction and effects.
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Ascarya Ascarya, Jardine A. Husman and Hendri Tanjung
This study aims to determine the characteristics of waqf-based Islamic financial institution (IFI) and subsequently propose some waqf-based IFIs.
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to determine the characteristics of waqf-based Islamic financial institution (IFI) and subsequently propose some waqf-based IFIs.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses the Delphi method, combined with the Likert scale, to determine and validate the agreed characteristics of waqf-based IFI models. Subsequently, based on the agreed characteristics, the authors propose waqf-based IFI models.
Findings
The results show that there are 28 important characteristics of waqf-based IFI, which respondents agree on 24 characteristics with significant Kendall’s concordance or rater agreement (W). The type of waqf-based IFI could be a bank, venture capital or cooperative; the business orientation should be a combination of commercial-social, and it could be implemented in the national, community or micro level. Based on the agreed characteristics, the authors propose several waqf-based IFI, including integrated commercial-social waqf-based bank, integrated commercial-social waqf-based venture capital and integrated commercial-social waqf-based cooperative.
Research limitations/implications
Respondents of this study comprise experts and practitioners who reside in Indonesia so that the results of proposed waqf-based IFIs are most suitable to be implemented in Indonesia.
Practical implications
The conceptual framework and method used in this study could be applied to determine the characteristics of waqf-based IFI and propose the most suitable waqf-based IFI models in other countries.
Originality/value
This study starts with determining the essential characteristics of waqf-based IFI, which then be used to propose waqf-based IFI models.
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Sarbajit Chaudhuri and Anindya Biswas
Some recent empirical studies have found that developing countries are more prone to external terms-of-trade shocks compared to developed nations. With this background, the…
Abstract
Purpose
Some recent empirical studies have found that developing countries are more prone to external terms-of-trade shocks compared to developed nations. With this background, the purpose of this paper is to the question of whether developing countries possess any built-in mechanism that can cope with external terms-of-trade (TOT) shocks both theoretically and empirically.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper uses a two-sector, full-employment general equilibrium model with endogenous labour market distortion to conduct its theoretical analysis and then uses an annual panel dataset of 13 small developing countries over the recent time period of 2000-2012 to substantiate its theoretical findings.
Findings
Theoretically, this study finds that developing countries possess an inherent shock-absorbing mechanism that stems from their peculiar institutional characteristics and can lessen the gravity of detrimental welfare consequence of exogenous TOT movements. This analytical result has been found to be empirically valid based on a panel dataset of 13 countries from 2000-2012.
Originality/value
The authors’ analyses suggest that that the developing countries should take utmost caution before adopting the policy of labour market reform because these might impair the effectiveness of their in-built shock-absorbing mechanism against adverse international price movements.
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