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This study developed an extended model of self-congruity by integrating destination image, destination personality, self-congruity, revisit intention and gender.

Surveys were conducted with 645 Chinese tourists visiting New Zealand. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was performed to estimate linkages between destination image, destination personality, self-congruity and revisit intention. To compare effects on revisit intention across male and female Chinese tourists, PLS-Henseler's multigroup analysis and PLS-permutation test were conducted to analyse gender as a moderator in the proposed framework.

Our results revealed positive direct effects among destination image, destination personality, self-congruity and revisit intention. Our findings indicated a highly significant difference in the effects of destination personality on ideal self-congruity across male and female Chinese tourists. The association between destination image and self-congruity identified through this model represents a crucial contribution to the tourism literature. This study also enriches tourism research by comparing male and female Chinese tourists' intentions to revisit New Zealand, having identified crucial heterogeneity within female tourists.

The practical implications from our research can improve destination marketing organization (DMO) officials' awareness of one-time and repeat Chinese tourists' experiences, which strongly trigger subsequent visits.

This paper is the first to examine the direct correlations among destination image, destination personality, self-congruity and revisit intention by considering whether gender might moderate these factors. Our study innovatively adopted PLS-SEM along with several advanced analytical approaches, such as multigroup analysis (MGA) of women and men, to examine our research model.

This study aims to explore how the concept of extended self-influences luxury shopping tourism consumption among Chinese tourists. It explores why luxury shopping is important for Chinese tourists. Specifically, this study focuses on a strategically important emerging market segment: post-1990s female Chinese tourists.

To explore the link between the extended self and luxury shopping tourism consumption among post-1990s Chinese female tourists, this study adopted a qualitative and interpretive approach. A total of 22 semi-structured in-depth interviews were carried out to collect the data.

This qualitative inquiry found that luxury shopping during overseas holidays has some subtle differences from luxury shopping in China, as the conceptualisation of luxury is highly context-based. Through a focus on gender and generational differences, the current study reveals that the idea of individuality has started to influence their luxury purchases.

The study shows how different selves are associated with luxury shopping. It thus provides empirical evidence regarding the reasons behind their motivation, especially for shopping overseas to get a good price and an exclusive and enjoyable luxury shopping experience abroad. Also, it was found that curiosity about buying luxury products is viewed as less favoured and logical shopping will be a future trend. Individuality is becoming a trend for younger consumers.

Theoretically, by linking the “extended self” with luxury shopping tourism, this study provides the social-psychological aspects of luxury shopping tourism. Instead of focusing on particular destinations, this study provides compressed but also focused inquiries to explore how the concept of the self-influences post-1990s female Chinese tourists’ shopping consumption while on holiday, and how this luxury shopping experience influences their concept of the self.

本文运用“延伸自我”概念对中国泳客在境外购买奢侈品的行为和意义进行探讨, 从而进一步了解中国游客对奢侈品的消费形态。 研究主要专注在中国90后女性市场, 女性市场已被许多学者以即市场营销人员认定为新兴市场领域。

通过22个深度访谈的所得数据表明境外奢侈品高买行为与自我概念有着紧密的联系, 并为消费者购买动机背后的原因提供了实证

在境外旅游过程中购买奢侈品有非常大的价格优势, 同时又能为消费者提供独特的购物体验, 中国90后女性的奢侈品购买行为日趋理性并在出行之前做好详细的购物计划, 个性的展示将成为中国年轻女性奢侈品消费的主导因素。

该研究的理论贡献是探索自我概念如何影响90年代后中国女性游客在境外旅行度假时的奢侈品购物行为, 以及这种奢侈品购物体验如何影响其自我概念。

关键词 购物，中国游客，女性， 延伸自我，自我概念

文章类型 研究论文

El estudio se dedica a explorar cómo influir el conceptöauto-extensión¨ al comportamiento de comprar los artículos de lujo en el extranjero entre los chinos turísticos, también a explorar la importancia de tal caso para ellos.

Este estudio ha adaptado un enfoque cualitativo entre 22 entrevistas en profundidad semiestructuradas para la recopilación de datos y muestra cómo se asocian diferentes seres con las compras de lujo.

Por lo tanto, se proporciona las pruebas evidentemente sobre las razones detrás de su motivación. Comprar artículos de lujo durante los viajes al extranjero tiene una gran ventaja de precio, al tiempo que las ofrece una experiencia especial. Estos actos se están volviendo más racionales y tienen planes de compras detallados antes de viajar. La exhibición de la personalidad se convertirá en el factor dominante en cuanto al consumo de artículos de lujo por parte de tales chinas.

Principalmente se enfoca a un nuevo campo del mercado en lo cual los consumidores son las chicas quienes nacieron después del año 1990.

Thailand has served as a major outbound tourist destination for Chinese tourists for decades. Behaviours demonstrated by Chinese tourists in Thailand are believed to have created an image of Chinese outbound tourists among the residents and have impacted on the sustainability of Thai tourism. This study aims to contribute a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the image of Chinese outbound tourists from the perspective of Thai residents’.

In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 Thai residents who have frequent contact with Chinese tourists.

The results reveal that Thai residents’ perceptions of Chinese tourists include both positive and negative images. Positive images consist of being filial and friendly (e.g. taking good care of the elderly and having close emotional ties within their touring group) and being wealthy and auspicious (e.g. having a lot of money to spend and tipping generously). Negative images include moral norms (e.g. making loud noises and jumping into a queue), hygiene habits (e.g. littering and spitting) and religious culture (e.g. touching and climbing Buddha statues).

This qualitative research promotes the study of destination residents’ perceptions of tourists’ in the context of outbound tourism and enriches the application of social representation theory from the perspective of residents in the field of tourism marketing. It generates a more nuanced comprehension of Thai residents’ perceptions of Chinese tourists, contributes to the government’s formulation of guidelines for civilised tourism and has benefits to the sustainable development of tourism destinations.

泰国居民对中国游客的形象感知

摘要

几十年来, 泰国一直是中国游客的主要出境旅游目的地。中国游客在泰国表现出的行为在居民中创造了中国出境游客的形象, 并影响了泰国旅游业的可持续性。这项研究旨在从泰国居民的感知出发, 对中国出境游客的形象进行更全面、细致的了解。

对15位经常与中国游客接触的泰国居民进行了深入访谈。

结果表明, 泰国居民对中国游客形象的感知既包括正面形象也包括负面形象。正面的形象包括孝顺和友善（例如, 照顾老人, 并在其旅行团中保持紧密的情感联系）, 富有和吉祥（例如, 有很多钱可花, 并慷慨地付小费）, 而负面的形象则包括道德规范（例如, 大声喧哗, 并插队）, 卫生习惯（例如, 乱扔垃圾和随地吐痰）以及宗教文化（例如, 触摸和爬到佛像上）。

这项定性研究弥补了出境旅游背景下目的地居民对游客形象的感知的差距, 并且从居民的角度出发丰富了社会表象理论在旅游营销领域的应用。它使泰国居民对中国游客的认识更加细致, 有助于政府制定有针对性的文明旅游指导方针, 有利于旅游目的地未来的可持续发展。

Percepción de los residents tailandeses sobre el comportamiento de los turistas chinos

Por décadas, Tailandia ha sido un principal destino tulístico de turismo emisor para los turistas chinos.El comportamiento de los turistas chinos en Tailandia ha impresionado las imagenes de los turistas chinos emisores a los habitantes, y ha afectado la sostenibilidad de la industria turística de Tailandia. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo comenzar con la percepción de los habitantes tailandeses para conocer una comprensión más completa y detallada de las imagenes de los turistas chinos emisores.

Entrevisitar en profundidad a 15 habitantes tailandeses que a menudo contactan con los turistas chinos.

Los resultados muestran, las percepciones de los habitantes tailandeses de las imagenes de los turistas chinos contienen las imagenes positivas y negativas. Los imágenes positivas incluyen fiedad filial y amabilidad (por ejemplo, cuida a los ancianos y mantiene una estrecha conexión emocional con su grupo de viaje), riqueza y buena suerte (Por ejemplo, tiene mucho dinero para gastar y propina generosa.) pero las imagenes negativas incluyen las normas étias (por ejemplo, hace ruido fuerte y corta en línea.) los hábitos de higienes (por ejemplo, tira basura al azar y escupiendo por todas partes.) y cultura religiosa (por ejemplo, toca y trepa los estatuas de Buda.)

Esta investigación cualitativa cierra la brecha en los percepciones de los habitantes de desino de las imagenes de turistas en el contexto del turisimo emisor y comenza con los aspectos de los habitantes enriquece la aplicación de la teoría de la representación social en el campo de marketing turístico. Deja los habitantes tailanteses conocer a los turistas chinos más detallada y ayuda al gobierno a desarrollar pautas específicas de turismo civilizado y es benificioso para el futuro desarrollo sostenible de los destinos turísticos.

Consistent exposure to sunshine with high ultraviolet values has significant negative effects on human skin. Key risks include melanoma and the rapid onset of signs of ageing. For Chinese, these are viewed as undesirable, because their genetic legacy predisposes them to greater numbers of skin blemishes and because darker shades are culturally and socially viewed as less attractive. Properties in sunshine locations may need to modify aspects of their infrastructure and service delivery to meet the needs of the globally influential Chinese market. Shaded spaces, new activities, scheduling of experiences in the early morning, evening and at night, are all a part of the required innovations in experience design.

This study aims to examine the influence of benefits and risks for young women travellers on their intention to visit other night tourism destinations. It also compares any path differences between evening and midnight travels.

A face-to-face survey was conducted in Macau. Multi-group analysis was used to explore the differences between evening and midnight travels.

Emotional and epistemic benefits positively affect behavioural intentions; security risk negatively affects behavioural intentions, but the risk of sexual harassment does not affect behavioural intentions. Evening travellers pay more attention to emotional benefits than midnight travellers.

This study contributes to tourism research related to women by helping to understand the perceptions of the benefits and risks of young women travellers’ night tourism, especially the gender risks. This study corrects the understanding that young women travellers do not feel that the risk of sexual harassment affects their decision to undertake night travels. It also contributes to night tourism research by distinguishing the proportion of benefits and risks in evening and midnight travels.

本研究旨在考察年轻女性旅游者在夜间旅游中的利益和风险感知对其访问其他夜间旅游目的地意向的影响, 比较女性游客上半夜出游和下半夜出游之间的感知差异。

线下问卷调查在澳门进行, 使用多组分析方法探讨女性上半夜出游与下半夜出游的感知差异。

情感和认知的益处对行为意向产生积极影响。虽然安全风险对行为意向会产生负面影响, 但性骚扰风险并不影响行为意向。上半夜旅游者比下半夜旅游者更关注旅行对情感的益处。

本研究让读者了解到年轻女性旅游者对夜间旅游的利益和风险感知因素的看法, 尤其是对性别风险感知的看法, 对女性相关的旅游研究做出了贡献。这项研究改变了以往的认知, 即年轻女性旅游者不觉得性骚扰的风险会影响她们进行夜间旅行的决定。它还通过区分上半夜出游和下半夜出游的利益和风险比较, 为夜间旅游研究做出了贡献。

Este estudio pretende examinar la influencia de los beneficios y riesgos que tiene, para las jóvenes viajeras, su intención de visitar otros destinos de turismo nocturno. Asimismo, se compara las diferencias de trayectoria entre los viajes nocturnos y los de medianoche.

Se realizó una encuesta personal en Macao. Se utilizó un análisis multigrupo para explorar las diferencias entre los viajes nocturnos y los de medianoche.

Los beneficios emocionales y epistémicos afectan positivamente las intenciones de comportamiento, el riesgo de seguridad afecta negativamente las intenciones de comportamiento, pero el riesgo de acoso sexual no influye en las intenciones de comportamiento. Los viajeros nocturnos prestan más atención a los beneficios emocionales que en los viajes a medianoche.

Este estudio contribuye a la investigación sobre el turismo relacionado con las mujeres al ayudarnos a comprender las percepciones de los beneficios y riesgos del turismo nocturno de las jóvenes viajeras, especialmente los riesgos de género. Este estudio corrige nuestra idea de que las jóvenes viajeras no creen que el riesgo de acoso sexual afecte a su decisión de emprender viajes nocturnos. También contribuye a la investigación del turismo nocturno al distinguir la proporción de beneficios y riesgos en los viajes nocturnos y de medianoche.

This paper aims to identify the changes of researched destinations along with the Approved Destination Status scheme to investigate the development of research problems, and to track the changes of research topics in the context of the development of China’s outbound tourism. The research methods and applied theories are also identified and analyzed.

Three large databases, namely, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost and Google Scholar, were selected to search for published articles (i.e. 107 empirical articles and 15 review/policy articles) related to China’s outbound tourism. Thereafter, the retrieved articles were categorized and analyzed. Finally, a theoretical framework was provided for future studies on China’s outbound tourism.

The major findings indicated that the main topics related to China’s outbound tourism included market segmentation, travel motivation and travel behavior. One or two theories are generally applied to investigate a certain topic. The most common research methods are interviews and a questionnaire survey.

Future studies are suggested to apply more theories to investigate one topic. A single theory can also be applied to investigate different topics. Adopting different and innovative research methods, such as online interaction observation, can also be considered.

This study contributes to the literature through an in-depth qualitative assessment of China’s outbound tourism literature, comparing researched destinations with the Approved Destination Status policies, and reviewing articles based on research.

This study aims to reconsider Chinese tourist gaze studies, examining the extent to which extant studies and theoretical models relating to the Chinese tourist gaze have overcome the Eurocentric limits of John Urry’s concept of the tourist gaze and elaborated the complexity of Chinese tourists’ gazes and visual practices.

Content analysis is carried out, examining research articles, books, book chapters and PhD and MSc theses collected from multiple English and Chinese databases.

The research results manifest that, overall, the previous studies, mobilise cultural essentialism, with an overestimation of the “Chineseness” of Chinese tourists’ behavioural patterns, which are widely believed to be framed by, but also constituting of, unique Chinese culture. Overdependence on Chinese cultural values and traditional philosophies as sources for rationale has resulted in a handful of theoretical frameworks, which appear to be of insufficient magnitude both in terms of their contribution to the original tourist gaze model and in their manifesting of the complexity of Chinese tourists’ visual behaviour. Indeed the divide that once deliberately set apart West and East, or more precisely Western and Chinese tourist gazes, seems to become accentuated in most attempts to study and write about Chinese tourist gaze(s). The previous studies thus largely serve to mirror the Eurocentrism of Urry’s gaze, rather than challenging it.

This study has a few limitations, especially, as this study only reviews and analyses the studies of the Chinese tourist gaze. It means that the conclusion might not well be generalised to either the investigation of the tourist gaze in another culture or the Chinese tourist studies, at large, which might exhibit a different pattern deserving more academic attention in future. Moreover, the authors recommend the future researchers, who are eager to probe Chinese tourists’ behavioural pattern, to seek for new pathways and alternative paradigms, which would be useful in overcoming the limits of cultural representations and in reducing the problematic Sino-Western divide.

Despite not aiming to reconceptualise the Chinese tourist gaze, this review paper contributes to the field of tourist gaze studies by engaging critically with the bias and theoretical insufficiencies that have emerged, while this concept is appropriated and re-formulated to explain Chinese tourists’ gazes and visual practices. On this basis, the authors suggest a critical redirection of the extant Chinese tourist gaze studies, which would be rather significant to those researchers in future with an interest to research what the Chinese tourists prefer to see in travel and how they engage with the gazee.

中国性与行为复杂性：反思中国游客凝视研究

本文重新检视有关中国游客凝视的研究, 审视现有研究和理论模型在多大程度上克服了约翰·厄里提出的游客凝视概念所蕴含的欧洲中心主义的局限, 并阐述中国游客凝视和视觉实践的复杂性。

本研究进行了内容分析; 资料来源于多个渠道的期刊论文、书籍、书章和博硕论文。

总体而言, 以往研究调动了文化本质主义, 过分强调了中国游客行为模式的“中国性”–被广泛认为受制于中国文化, 且也是中国文化一部分。对作为基本理论来源的中国文化价值观和传统哲学的过度依赖产生了一系列理论框架, 但它们在对最初的游客凝视模型的贡献上, 以及在对中国游客视觉行为的复杂性的阐释上, 都是不够的。在大部分中国游客凝视研究中, 以往对西方游客和中国游客的凝视的刻意区分都得以凸显, 从而映照出厄里的游客凝视概念所蕴含的欧洲中心主义。

虽然本评述论文并不致力于对中国游客凝视进行重新概念化, 但依旧对游客凝视研究领域做出了贡献。当游客凝视这一概念被挪用且重新定制以解释中国游客凝视和视觉实践时, 本文对涌现其间的偏见和理论上的缺陷进行了批判性的揭示。在此基础上, 我们认为, 有必要对有关中国游客凝视的研究做出批判性的重新定向。这对于未来有志于研究中国游客视觉偏好以及他们如何与被凝视者互动的研究人员而言, 尤其重要。

本研究有一些局限, 特别是, 因为我们只评价和分析了有关中国游客凝视的研究。这意味着, 我们的结论可能不能被推广至对其他文化情境下的游客凝视的调查, 也不能推广至中国游客研究整体。我们建议, 对中国游客行为模式感兴趣的研究人员需要寻求新的路径和替代性的范式, 以克服文化表象的局限并减少中西分歧带来的问题。

Carácter chino y la complejidad de comportamiento: repensar los estudios de la mirada del turista chino

Este artículo reconsidera los estudios de la mirada del turista chino para investigar hasta qué punto los estudios y los modelos teóricos existentes sobre la mirada del turista chino han superado los límites eurocéntricos del concepto de la mirada del turista de John Urry y explicado la complejidad de la mirada del turista chino y las prácticas visuales.

Se lleva a cabo el análisis de contenido investigando artículos de investigación, libros, capítulos de libros y las tesis de PhD y de MSc provenientes de las diversas bases de datos tanto en inglés como en chino.

Los resultados de la investigación manifiestan que, en general, los estudios anteriores movilizan el esencialismo cultural con una sobrestimación del “carácter chino” del modelo del comportamiento de turistas chinos, se cree en gran medida que el cual es motivado por la cultura china mientras forma parte de ella. Lo que la fuente de los fundamentos básicos sobredepende de los valores culturales y la filosofía tradicional de China resulta una pequeña cantidad de marcos teóricos, que no son suficientes tanto para la contribución al modelo original de la mirada del turismo como para manifestar la complejidad del comportamiento visual de turistas chinos. De hecho, se destaca la intención de la separación del Occidente y el Oriente, o hablando de forma precisa, de la mirada del turista occidental y la del turista chino al estudiar y escribir sobre la mirada del turista chino. Los estudios anteriores reflejan el eurocentrismo de la mirada de Urry en vez de ponerlo en duda.

A pesar de que el artículo no tiene la reconceptualización de la mirada del turista chino como su objetivo, contribuye al ámbito de la investigación de la mirada del turista a través de revelar de manera crítica el prejuicio y la insuficiencia teórica que ya ha existido cuando se usa y se reformula este concepto para explicar la mirada del turista chino y las prácticas visuales. Con lo que hemos mencionado, planteamos una redirección crítica de los estudios existentes de la mirada del turista chino, lo cual sería significativo para aquellos que tienen la intención de investigar qué prefieren ver los turistas chinos durante el viaje y cómo van a interactuar con los mirados en el futuro.

Esta investigación tiene varios límites, sobre todo, como solo revisamos y analizamos los estudios de la mirada del turista chino, lo cual significa que nuestra conclusión no se podría generalizar tanto a la investigación de la mirada del turista de otras culturas como a los estudios del turismo chino, que mostrarían un modelo diferente que merece más atención académica en el futuro. Al mismo tiempo, recomendamos a las personas que se interesen por investigar el modelo del comportamiento de los turistas chinos buscar nuevos caminos y paradigmas alternativos, los cuales serían útiles para superar los límites de las representaciones culturales y reducir la división problemática sino-occidental.

The tourist gaze remains a key concept in tourism research. The purpose of this paper is to comprehend the theoretical and empirical development of the tourist gaze notion and its contributions to tourism knowledge, identifying potential research directions by reviewing and analyzing articles that have defined, refined and applied the concept of the tourist gaze.

The study identified 109 relevant research papers primarily through the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Google Scholar, ResearchGate.net and Academia.edu were used to capturing additional work not indexed in the key databases. Qualitative content analysis was used to map the evolution of the concept, distinguish between different perspectives and identify gaps in the tourist gaze literature.

This “state of the art” paper on tourist gaze outlines Foucault’s original work on gaze and power, which underpins subsequent theorization within tourism. The study identifies how the tourist gaze operates in different contexts and circumstances allowing the development of gaze theory. Importantly, the evolution of the gaze theory is presented after analyzing the knowledge gaps, the contexts in which it was used, the methodologies with which it was applied. Based on the findings, the study proposes future works of gaze with the use of technology, science, nature and social media.

This paper is among one of the first states of the art papers in tourism literature that comprehensively analyzes the works on the tourist gaze, tracing its evolution and identifying future research directions to address gaps in existing knowledge.

旅游凝视仍然是当今旅游研究中的关键概念之一。本文的主要目的是理解旅游凝视的理论与实践及其对旅游知识的的贡献, 通过回顾性分析识别其潜在的研究方向。

该研究主要通过Web of Science和Scopus数据库检索确定的109篇相关研究论文进行分析。为了保证研究的完整性分析, 本文也使用了Google Scholar, ResearchGate.net和Academia.edu检索了有关旅游凝视的研究成果并补充到分析数据库中。本文采用了定性的内容分析法用于分析旅游凝视概念的演化、区别不同的观点, 并识别旅游凝视文献的不足之处。

研究总结了福柯关于凝视与权力的原创性研究, 强调他的相关工作为随后的旅游研究的理论化奠定了基础。本文识别了该理论在不同的旅游情景和环境下所产生的影响。特别是基于知识的鸿沟与不足, 分析了旅游凝视理论的演化过程、研究内容针对性以及所涉及方法论的应用。基于本文的结论, 本文提出了未来旅游凝视理论在技术、科学、自然与社会媒体方面的研究方向。

本文是全面分析旅游凝视学术成果、追溯其演变、确定其未来研究方向, 并弥补现有相关知识不足的一篇重要的综述性论文。

la mirada del turista sigue siendo un concepto clave en la investigación sobre el turismo. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es comprender el desarrollo teórico y empírico de la noción de mirada turística y sus aportes al conocimiento del turismo, identificando posibles direcciones de investigación a través de la revisión y análisis de artículos que han definido, afinado y aplicado el concepto de mirada turística.

El estudio identificó 109 artículos de investigación relevantes principalmente a través de las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus. Se utilizaron Google Scholar, ResearchGate.net y Academia.edu para capturar trabajo adicional no indexado en las bases de datos. El análisis de contenido cualitativo se utilizó para mapear la evolución del concepto, distinguir entre diferentes perspectivas e identificar brechas en la literatura sobre la mirada turística.

El estudio del "estado del arte" sobre la mirada de los turistas, describe el trabajo original de Foucault sobre la mirada y el poder, que sustenta la teorización posterior en el turismo. El estudio identifica cómo opera la mirada del turista en diferentes contextos y circunstancias, permitiendo el desarrollo de la teoría de “la mirada”. Es importante destacar que la evolución del concepto de mirada se presenta luego de analizar las brechas de conocimiento, los contextos en los que se utilizó, las metodologías con las que se aplicó. Con base en los hallazgos encontrados, el estudio propone futuros trabajos “de mirada” con el uso de la tecnología, la ciencia, la naturaleza y las redes sociales.

Este artículo es uno de los primeros trabajos de revisión de la literatura sobre el turismo que analiza de manera integral los trabajos sobre la mirada del turista, rastreando su evolución e identificando futuras direcciones de investigación para abordar las brechas en el conocimiento existente.

This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of travel motivation on the relationship between perceived risks, travel constraints and visit intention of young women travelers.

A quantitative study was performed, and data were collected from 416 female university students using convenience sampling. Structural equation modeling with partial least square approach was used to test the research hypotheses.

The findings revealed that travel motivation has a moderating effect by weakening the negative relationships between physical risk, structural constraints and visit intention.

The findings of this study provide useful insights for destination managers about the influence of travel motivation on the behavioral intention of young women travelers in the case of higher perceptions of travel risks and constraints.

Literature has discussed the intervening role of travel motivations in different contexts. However, studies are scarce in examining the effect of travel motivation in weakening the negative influence of high perceptions of risks and constraints on intention to visit.

This study aims to understand how female executive travellers should be characterized by inter-winning socio-economic segmentation and leisure travel motivation.

This study identifies push factors as a motivation for leisure travel among female executives in India. Quantitative research methodology was applied based on 892 online responses to a questionnaire. Principal component analysis was applied to identify the underlying dimensions of push motivational items.

The findings disclose five-factor dimensions of self-esteem; knowledge- and novelty-seeking; stimulus; escape; and self-recognition. Among the five identified dimensions, stimulus was the most important factor for motivating female executives to travel for leisure, followed by knowledge and novelty-seeking.

This study was conducted on 1,100 female executive travellers, meaning the results are only valid for this cultural context. All data was collected through a referral chain network survey among female executives via Google survey forms. While segmenting types of travellers amongst females, usage of push motivation framework as a variable remains pervasive in tourism research.

Although literature on female travel motivation is abundant, however, to the authors’ knowledge, empirical studies that focus on female executives leisure travel motivations are still rare. These findings are, therefore, valuable for illuminating tourism stakeholders to cater this potential segment more customisedly.