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The review glances upon the colorants used for printing on ceramic substrates by ink jet technology and techniques, chemistry involved during the selection of the colorants.

The ink jet technology is an easy and a convenient technique, specially designed colorants are used for such applications with tailor made properties and features.

New developments in technology and chemistry of colorants to achieve successes in application studies of ceramic substrates.

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This review glances upon the history, development and practical approach of the current techniques with available dyes and pigments and the techniques involved during the synthesis and application.

The review paper provides information about the development of the inkjet technique on ceramics and available colorants with methods.

The purpose of this paper is to establish physical-chemical patterns and process parameters for obtaining low-temperature pink pigments with the structure of tin sphene using granulated blast-furnace slag.

Thermodynamic calculations were made in the work to assess the probability of malayaite phase formation during firing of slag-containing pigments. Mineralogical composition of synthesized pigments was evaluated by X-ray phase analysis. Spectral characteristics of pigments absorption in the infrared region were determined with the use of Fourier IR-spectrometry. Colour characteristics of the developed pigments and glass coatings with their introduction were studied on the comparator colour. Density of ceramic pigments was determined by pycnometric method, and chemical resistance was found on their weight loss after boiling in 1 N hydrochloric acid solution and 1 N sodium hydroxide solution.

Peculiar features of formation of the mineralogical composition of pink pigments are studied in the system CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-SnO₂-Cr₂O₃ with the use of granulated blast-furnace slag. The end product and carrier of the pink colour is the solid solution on the basis of tin sphene. It is established that the most rational concentration of chromium (III) oxide for the formation of pink colouring of the pigments is 2 Wt.%.

The usage of developed pigments provides obtaining high-quality pink-coloured glaze coatings, in particular for ceramic tiles.

Activity of the components of blast-furnace slag in combination with the effective mineralizing action of B₂O₃ additive allows performing the firing of pink of the pigments with the formation of tin sphene at reduced temperature of 1,200°C.

The purpose of this paper is to conduct the directed synthesis of blue-colour aluminate spinel pigments based on spent aluminium–cobalt–molybdenum (ACM) catalyst and to study peculiar features of mineral formation processes and changes in their colour indices depending on composition and firing temperature.

Aluminate spinel ceramic pigments with specified colour indices were synthesised by directed formation of their mineral composition and identification of the most rational technological parameters of production. Mineral composition of synthesised pigments was evaluated by X-ray phase analysis. The colour indices of pigments and pigment-containing glaze coatings were studied on the comparator colour. The chemical resistance of pigments was determined by loss of their weight loss after boiling in 1 N hydrochloric acid solution and 1 N sodium hydroxide solution.

Peculiar features of formation of the mineral composition of aluminate spinel pigments based on the ACM catalyst were studied. The expediency of using magnesium and zinc oxides in their composition has been proved. It is found that for the formation of stable pigments of intense blue colour, a concentration of cobalt (II) oxide in the amount of 0.5 mol is sufficient, which is 23.1 Wt.%. The colour of such pigments is determined by the ratios of cobalt, magnesium and zinc aluminates, which form a spinel solid solution.

The use of developed aluminate spinel pigments provides obtaining of high-quality glass coatings of blue colour, in particular, for ceramics.

Aluminium oxide in the spent ACM catalyst is predominantly in the active form (of amorphous aluminium hydroxide and y-Al₂O₃). This is a prerequisite for the use of this waste material as a complete substitute for chemically pure Al₂O₃ in the technology of aluminate spinel pigments and reduction of their firing temperature. Besides, spent ACM catalyst already contains 5 Wt.% of expensive cobalt (II) oxide in the form of stable colour-bearing phase CoAl₂O₄.

This study aims to the effect of NaF, Li₂CO₃ and H₃BO₃ minerals was investigated, and the best mineralizer was found to be H₃BO₃. Furthermore, the effect of temperature was investigated, and the synthesized samples were calcined at temperatures of 1100, 1200 and 1300 °C to select the optimum calcination temperature.

This study was aimed at thoroughly investigating the effects of mineralizer addition and temperature on the synthesis of malayaite pink pigment based on raw materials of SnCl₂-SiO₂-Ca(OH)₂-K₂Cr₂O₇. To this end, the optimization of the synthesis parameters such as mineralizer addition and temperature was completely perused.

The optimum temperature was 1300 °C, and the color efficiency of pigments was evaluated by colorimetric (CIE L*a*b* system) analysis, and these parameters were close to those of industrial pigments.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, for the first time, the effect of mineralizer addition and temperature on the synthesis of malayaite pink pigment was investigated through the sol-gel method. Herein, different parameters were optimized to propose a novel pigment with a much better performance.

The purpose of this work is to study the patterns of pigment colour formation and to develop metal compositions for obtaining spinels using the precipitation and heat treatment methods.

Precursor materials were prepared using co-precipitation method. Phase composition of pigments were determined by X-ray diffraction. Colour of pigments was determined spectrophotometry. Modelling of colour formation was performed using simplex method. Planning in the future to carry out full synthesis of pigments of blue, red and yellow colours.

The paper deals with the results of theoretical and experimental research on the synthesis pigments of blue, red and yellow colours based on Fe-Co-Al-O spinel. The influence of the chromophore cation content and the heat treatment temperature on optical and colour characteristics of pigments were studied.

The resulting composition-property diagrams make it possible to evaluate the effect of chromophore cations and heat treatment on the colour formation for Fe₂O₃-Al₂O₃-CoO system. Crystal-phase composition of the pigments is installed and its relationship with the optical colour characteristics. That makes it possible carry out targeted synthesis of pigments blue, red and yellow colours in further. The phase composition of pigments and its relationship with optical and colour properties has been established thus enabling the directed synthesis of blue, red and yellow pigments.

Inorganic pigments have been widely investigated due to their chemical stability such as resistance to chemical attacks by acids and alkalis, excellent hardness and high temperature stability. Cr_1.3Fe_0.7O₃ which is considered as a ceramic nanopigment also seems to be a highly efficient photovoltaic material. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

In this work, the paper reports the synthesis of a novel and high purity Cr_1.3Fe_0.7O₃ nanopigment via sol-gel process using stearic acid as complexing agent. The method includes formation of an organic precursor with metallic cations homogeneously distributed all over the matrix. Sample characterisations were performed by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, UV-vis diffused reflectance spectra and photoluminescence. The transport properties and colour characteristics were also investigated by spectroscopic and technological characterisation of the synthesised nanoparticles.

The prepared nanopigments were uniform in distribution and a spherical morphology with an average size of about 200 nm was observed. Cr_1.3Fe_0.7O₃ nanoparticles showed a direct band gap value of 2.85 eV and the colour efficiency of the nanopigments evaluated by colourimetric analysis resulted characteristic values of L*=39.96, a*=3.67 and b*=3.12.

This method for synthesis of nanopigments is novel and could be employed for various applications in synthesis of wide variety of nanoceramics.

Replacing nano-clay for kaolin in ultramarine pigments was investigated. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Ultramarine pigments with both kaolin and nano-clay were synthesized by traditional method. For this purpose, mixing of the raw materials consisted of calcined clay, sulfur, sodium hydroxide and Arabic gum was milled and then calcined at 800°C for 9 h under controlled atmosphere. The characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-vis spectroscopy, colorimetery (CIELab method) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques.

The investigations show that using nano-clay results in richer pigments. XRD results reveal that the ultramarine phase formation is enhanced by using nano-clay. SEM and DLS results also confirm that the ultramarine pigment synthesized by using nano-clay has smaller particles than that prepared by kaolin.

In this research, for the first time, nano-clay was substituted for kaolin to synthesized ultramarine pigment.

This paper seeks to synthesize needle‐shaped anticorrosion pigments based on the ferrites of Zn, Ca and Mg for metal protecting paints.

Anticorrosion pigments were synthesized from oxides or carbonates at hot temperatures. The following pigments were synthesized: ZnFe₂O₄, MgFe₂O₄, CaFe₂O₄, Mg_0.2Zn_0.8Fe₂O₄, and Ca_0.2Zn_0.8Fe₂O₄. The prepared pigments were characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction analysis, by measuring the distribution of particle size and by means of scanning electron microscopy. The synthesized anticorrosion pigments were used to formulate epoxy coatings with PVC = 10 per cent for the synthesized pigment and with the PVC/CPVC ratio = 0.3. The coatings were tested for physical‐mechanical properties and in corrosion atmospheres. The corrosion test results were compared with aluminium zinc phosphomolybdate.

The needle‐shaped particles were identified in the formulated pigments. It was found that all of the synthesized pigments had high anticorrosion efficiency comparable with that of Zn‐Al phosphomolybdate. The needle‐shaped particles markedly contributed to the advancement of the physical‐mechanical properties of epoxy coatings.

The synthesized pigments can be conveniently used in coatings protecting metal bases against corrosion.

The application of the synthesized pigments with the needle‐shaped particles in anticorrosion paints protecting metals presents a new method. The benefit of the application and method of synthesizing anticorrosion pigments is that they do not contain heavy metals and are acceptable for the environment.

This study aims to investigate the possibility of synthesizing cobalt doped willemite ceramic blue pigment by using Egyptian white sand as environmental and economical raw material for multi-applications in coatings and inks.

After the synthesis process, the prepared blue pigment was characterized via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis technique. Then the blue pigment was integrated into both coating and ink formulations. The effect of the prepared multifunctional coatings on corrosion resistance and thermal stability was evaluated using different standard tests. Also, the effect of inclusion of blue pigment in flexographic printing ink formulation was done.

The results showed that the coating containing the cobalt doped willemite blue pigment offered good anticorrosive performance and high thermal stability. Additionally, the presented results revealed that integration of the blue pigment in flexographic printing ink formulation enhanced fineness, gloss, viscosity and color more than the commercial one “FX 430–201.”

In conclusion, relied on the eco-friendly principle which can be regarded as an economic and green strategy, it can be obtained that this new pigment can provide good multifunctions such as corrosion resistance and thermal stability in coatings and good fineness, gloss, viscosity and color in inks which can enable them to be widely applied in different industries.

A mixed metal oxide-based spinel ceramic pigment has been successfully synthesized incorporating inorganic, high-temperature stable furnace cement as an inbuilt binder. Step by step synthesis was done for the spinel and cement mix formulations.

The pigment mix was synthesized by a solid-solid method where the inorganic binder was incorporated in the mix. The results suggested that CoCuMn-based spinel ceramic pigment with cement mix could be obtained at an annealing temperature of 1,100ºC for 1 h and the size, morphology and crystallinity of spinel mix were greatly influenced by the calcination temperature.

The pigment mix synthesized was applied as a coating to different substrates such as aluminum, glass and Mild steel. The results revealed that spectral selectivity of TSSS paint coatings based on the CoMnCu spinel ceramic mix was much better than that of solvent-based coatings for high-temperature applications. The presence of cement as an inorganic binder makes the functioning and application of paint easy as it becomes that of a waterborne type.

Ease of application, stability at high temperatures, best absorptivity at the solar selective spectrum and excellent adhesion properties for the selected surface are the key features of the designed pigment system. The applied pigment mix was studied as a coating to get the results for solar selective system.