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The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of anchor stores on the performance and results of shopping centres and on the prices practiced by other stores. It analyses the customer spill‐over effect of the anchor stores on the Sonae Sierra shopping centres. Incorporated in Portugal in 1989, Sonae Sierra is an international corporation specializing in shopping centres. It is co‐owned by Sonae (Portugal) and Grosvenor (UK) who each own 50 per cent.

The data collection targeted 35 shopping centres in Portugal and Spain with 1,200,000 square feet (or more), for three consecutive years (2005‐2007). The anchor stores provide about 41 per cent of the total gross lettable area and on average pay only 18 per cent of the total rent collected by the developer. The ordinary least squares and Kruskal‐Wallis statistic (in order to avoid ANOVA assumption violations) are used to test the hypotheses.

The empirical analysis shows that a greater presence of anchors in a mall directly increases the sales, and consequently the rents of non‐anchor stores in a mall. The authors demonstrate that externalities are internalized by efficient allocation of space and incentives across stores, and also show that the anchor stores increased the malls' customer drawing power, measured as the number of people who visited the mall at a given time, although lately they have had less impact on the sales per person visiting the centres.

This study is limited in that it surveyed only Sonae Sierra shopping centres, hence the results can only be generalized using this model as a basis. Other limitations were an inability to gather data on customer purchasing power in the areas surrounding the Sonae Sierra shopping centres, and the need to safeguard the confidentiality of the information, which did not allow the use of more independent variables for the models.

It is demonstrated that the total sales of the shopping malls are directly influenced by the number of anchors, and that the area allocated to them is a strategic tool.

The paper uses unique data consisting of mall store contracts to study the complex economic issues that arise when stores co‐occupy a large shopping centre.

The aim of this study is to develop and empirically test a theoretical model of competition between anchor and non‐anchor stores in a shopping mall. In doing so, the goals are to extend the literature on retail co‐location to account for effects of anchor stores' quality levels, and to explain an observed pattern of choices of anchor‐store quality levels made by mall developers.

This study uses a game‐theoretic approach to model the actions of mall developers, stores, and consumers in a competitive framework, then verifies the equilibrium predictions of this model using an empirical approach and a data set including all major malls in the US and Canada.

The key finding of both the analytical and empirical models is that there exists a positive and concave (i.e. reverse U‐shaped) relationship between anchor quality and mall size, i.e. that the highest‐quality malls are typically found in the middle range of mall sizes.

This study introduces a relatively basic framework that could be expanded to incorporate a more flexible variety of contract types between mall developers and tenants, as well as additional sources of consumer utility associated with a single visit to a mall.

This study provides mall developers with a basis for understanding the impact of anchor quality on competition between stores in a mall.

This study addresses a gap in both the analytical and empirical literature on determinants of mall traffic and profit, specifically pertaining to how these variables are affected by anchor stores and their quality levels.

The purposes of this paper are to propose a different profitability metric (i.e. anchor category profits) at the category level based on the concept of anchor categories and to illustrate how such a metric can be calculated in field settings to offer a balanced view of profit structure from both the accounting and marketing perspectives.

First, the concept of anchor categories is developed drawing on anchor effects theory and automatic cognitive processing theory. Based on anchor categories, this paper proposes a formula for calculating anchor category profits. Using the data collected with a survey instrument, this paper calculates accounting profits and anchor category profits for two grocery stores.

The intra-store analysis of accounting profits and anchor category profits reveals that the two profit measures project different profit contribution patterns by product categories for each store. The inter-store analysis provides quite different, yet useful information about profit structures for the two grocery stores. Although the two stores are similar in terms of accounting profits, their anchor category profits show different pictures regarding profit contribution patters by product categories between the two stores, revealing that different categories attract customers to different stores.

Comparing accounting profits and anchor category profits allows retail managers to identify traffic generator categories and cash generator categories, which helps retail managers develop more effective category management to increase storewide profits.

This paper increases understanding of the relationship between product categories and store choice behavior by offering a theoretical rationale to explain why some product categories influence consumers’ store choice. This paper also proposes anchor category profits as a more implementation-friendly category-level profitability metric that combines accounting principles with consumers’ shopping trip planning behavior.

A study to determine whether consumers develop their images of small little‐known retailers from the images of the anchor(s) of the shopping complexes in which they are located. Results suggest that image transference does exist in the conveyance of an image to a small, little‐known retailer. It appears that the images assigned to such retailers in shopping complexes by consumers are determined, at least in part, by the images assigned to the anchor(s) of that centre.

Tenants generate the income for a shopping centre and the value of this type of retail property to the property owner or landlord thus depends on the forecast of consumer demand for the products or services sold by tenants. Through balanced tenancy, the stores in a planned shopping centre complement each other in the quality and variety of their product offerings, and the kind and number of stores are linked to the overall needs of the surrounding population in the centre’s catchment areas. Whereas there is frequent reference in retailing literature to the importance of tenant mix for shopping centres, published research about the so‐called “ideal” tenant mix is almost non‐existent. Aims to rectify this situation partially and suggests a practical research method using a consumer preference weighting methodology based on three parameters, namely tenant category preference, tenant category ranking preference, and tenant shopping likelihood, consolidated into a single composite tenant choice index. The emphasis is on describing the logic of the research methodology, using a real‐life example of a planned‐to‐be‐erected shopping centre in South Africa, but due regard is given throughout to the relevant theoretical underpinnings in order to also contribute to this aspect of the young science.

The purpose of empirical study is to focus on the relationship between perceived private label brand (PLB) image, and perceived store image (SI) and feeling associated with the presence of national brand (NB).

The data are collected using a self administered questionnaire from respondents belonging to generation Y in their 20s. The focal product was apparels sold at department stores.

The results indicate that the store atmosphere and store quality positively influence the perception of PLB's quality, whereas, the congruence between national brand and store image (NBSI) has a negative influence on PLB's quality. In comparison, the store quality, store convenience, store price/value, and the congruence between NB and PLB have a positive influence on the affective dimension of the PLB image, whereas, the congruence between NBSI has a negative influence.

A key limitation of this study is the sampling frame. Future studies should replicate this study in different contexts and with different target population.

To boost the image of their PLBs, stores need to focus on the store quality dimension, since it affects both quality and affective dimensions of PLB. Other SI dimensions that have a significant effect on either PLB‐quality or PLB‐affective dimensions are store atmosphere, convenience, and price/value dimensions. Regarding the presence of NBs in a store, even if it is in congruence with the SI, it has a detrimental effect on both the quality and affective dimension of PLB, unless the PLB image and NB image are seen as congruent. Managers should ensure that the NBs carried by their store harmonize with their own PLB image.

This study provides answers to a crucial question – “How to improve the consumer perception of private label brand?”

The purpose of this paper is to report on the findings of completed case studies of two major multi‐channel grocery retailers in South Africa. The aim of the research was to establish the potential that online grocery retail has to undermine traditional retail by decreasing foot traffic and undermining rental income.

The growth of online shopping in the retail sector is a matter of concern for those involved in the development and management of shopping centres. Non‐probability convenience sampling was employed to interview shoppers in the five largest regional shopping centres in Cape Town tenanted by the two major grocery “e‐tailers” in South Africa.

The findings show that the online grocery market is an expanding market segment. Furthermore, diminished foot traffic is likely to affect the ability of smaller retailers to pay turnover rentals. Miller's revised rent model is adapted and used to illustrate the potential savings that may be generated by changing the rent models currently in use.

Future research into exactly what consumers buy online from food retailers needs to be undertaken in order to establish the maximum potential reduction in foot traffic attracted by food anchors.

It is concluded that the South African retail industry is heavily reliant on traditional retail centres and although the loss in rentals resulting from online grocery sales is not currently considerable, it does represent a potential future threat.

The paper speculates about the effects of growth in online buying on rental agreements in shopping centres. The paper would appeal to property investors, property developers and facilities managers.

Traditional sets of attributes characterizing shopping centres need to be updated to relate to new specific consumers' needs and choices, to ensure the survival of shopping centres. To this end, this chapter revisits shopping centres’ attributes in the light of consumers' choices of actual centres, taking into account the recent increasing role of technologies, leisure activities and changes in consumer behaviour. In doing so, we aim to improve perceptions of modernity and help to regenerate (or at least mitigate the decline of) shopping centres. Specifically, the new set of attributes include appearance (external appearance), convenience, entertainment and leisure activities, memorable experiences, green place and policy, image (modern image), price, service, size and technology.

This paper aims to address two questions related to the magnetism or drawing power of suburban malls: first, does physical size matter, and second, what is the externalities effect of housing a Cineplex within a shopping center?

The study was carried out through an extensive survey covering 1,283 shoppers in nine selected suburban shopping centers in Singapore. The effects of physical size and the presence of Cineplex on the magnetism on the selected suburban shopping centers are evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests. Their effect on shopping duration and expenditure pattern is also empirically tested using a recursive simultaneous equations model.

The survey results affirm that both physical size and the presence of a Cineplex enhance the magnetism of suburban shopping centers. A larger shopping center can facilitate a greater variety of shops and create a more pleasant environment for the shoppers, thus enticing shoppers to visit and stay longer. Cinema patrons prefer to watch movies at Cineplex located in shopping centers. Controlling for the endogenous relationship between duration of visit and amount spent in the shopping center, the regression results show that, while physical size and Cineplex have a positive effect on the duration of visit, they do not necessarily have a direct effect on the amount spent by the patrons in the shopping center.

One of the main challenges for mall owners and managers located outside the traditional shopping belt is how to attract shoppers to patronize their malls. While the impact of shopping center size on retail rents and center attractiveness has been addressed in the literature, this paper adds some new insights into the field. The focus on whether the presence of a cinema complex within a shopping center affects its magnetism or not is novel.

The process of suburbanisation produced the great flowering of the American shopping centre during the 1950s and 60s, although they started even earlier. They evolved into three major types — regional, community, and neighbourhood, and in the 1970s these were augmented by specialty theme, multi‐use, and factory outlets type centres. But US shopping centres are now facing a number of problems: department stores (their principal tenants) are in decline; regional malls are finding difficulty in adapting to new retail conditions; and the malls themselves are becoming very expensive to operate. David Rogers looks at the “mid‐life crisis” of the American shopping centre and makes some comparisons with the situation in the UK.