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The objective of this work is to examine the factors that influence the decision of Brazilian companies to export.

A questionnaire was used to collect data from a statistically significant sample of 318 Brazilian exporting firms. Three types of study were carried out; an exploratory study that simplified the information through a principal component analysis, a descriptive study of the factors that influence the decision to export by Brazilian companies and a study of variance that allowed comparison of groups of firms.

After an analysis of the literature, 11 factors were proposed that influence the decision to export. Two unique factors resulted from the principal components analysis: “resource optimisation” and “performance and development”. The “performance and development” factor was more valued than the “resource optimisation” factor. From the analysis of variance, significant differences were only found in the variable “firm size”.

This paper contributes to the literature by presenting further knowledge of export factors in developing countries, the management of companies and instruments for decision making in the area of internationalisation.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo examinar los factores que influyen en la decisión de exportar de las empresas brasileñas.

Se utilizó un cuestionario para recopilar datos de una muestra estadísticamente significativa de 318 empresas exportadoras brasileñas. Se realizan tres tipos de estudio, un estudio exploratorio que permite simplificar la información a través de un análisis de componentes principales, un estudio descriptivo de los factores que influyen en la exportación de las empresas de Brasil, y un estudio de varianza que permite comparar grupos de empresas.

Después de un análisis de la literatura, se propusieron 11 factores que influyen en la decisión de exportar. Del análisis de componentes principales, resultan dos únicos factores: “optimización de recursos” y “rendimiento y desarrollo”. El factor “rendimiento y desarrollo” es más valorado que el factor “optimización de recursos”. Del análisis de varianza, solo se encontraron diferencias significativas en la variable “tamaño de la empresa”.

Este trabajo contribuye a la literatura al presentar un mayor conocimiento de los factores de exportación en los países en desarrollo, además, los resultados permiten mejorar la gestión de empresas, esencialmente en la toma de decisiones en el área de la internacionalización.

The transfer of training has been identified with the effectiveness of training. The purpose of this work is to analyse the impact of training stages (training needs analysis, application and evaluation) as they relate to training transfer.

The study participants correspond to a sample of 116 teachers with managerial responsibilities (management teams and department heads) from 17 secondary schools in Spain. This work hypothesises five significant relationships: needs analysis and application of training, application and transfer of training, evaluation and analysis of training needs, evaluation and application of training and evaluation and transfer of training. The hypotheses were tested using structural equations, namely, the partial least squares–structural equation modelling technique and SmartPLS version 3.2.9.

The relationships between application and transfer of training, between evaluation of training and needs analysis, application and transfer of training are positively contrasted. The relationship between the analysis and application of training is not contrasted.

This work analyses the relationship between the training process’s different phases (analysis, application and evaluation) in the training output (training transfer) and emphasises the role of evaluation in the training process.

Banks play a crucial role in the sustainable development of exports as they finance much of the trade. Additionally, in Brazil's case, banks provide exporting companies with advisory and training services, which facilitate the internationalization process. This work aims to analyze the role of public and private banks in the export process of companies in Brazil.

Interviews are conducted with a sample of 318 Brazilian exporting companies. Two research questions are posed: What type of export services do companies use from public and private banks in Brazil? Is exporting companies' access to credit, as a type of banking service, related to their size or export experience? A descriptive study of the functions of public and private banks in helping Brazilian exports is presented. Hypotheses are proposed regarding companies' access to credit and its relationship with their size and export experience.

It is found that public and private banks in Brazil provide exporting companies with banking services, other services related to technical aspects, and export consulting. There are significant differences in access to credit in both public and private banks, depending on the exporting company's size.

This work contributes to the internationalization literature on the role of banks in supporting exports in an emerging country like Brazil.

This study aims to analyse the influence of learning culture (LC) and transformational leadership (TL) on knowledge application (KA) in the school context. Mediation analysis is used to quantify the effects that the LC has on the application of leadership, mediated by TL.

The method involves two samples of subjects – school managers and teaching staff – from 17 educational organisations. This study used the partial least squares method in the SmartPLS.

The results prove an effect of total mediation of TL.

This study highlights the importance of KA in educational organisations and propounds the responsibility of leadership in educational management.

This paper aims to focus on two basic dimensions of group work: cooperation and transfer of information. This paper has two objectives. The first objective is to analyse the effect of cooperation and transfer of information in group work according to employees’ perceptions of the Rioja wine industry. The second objective is to analyse the existence of significant differences in the perception of the basic dimensions of group work under different organisational contexts in the Rioja wine industry.

The participants in the study are 230 workers from the Rioja wine industry. The data is collected through a personal interview using a questionnaire. Hypotheses are tested by multiple regression analysis.

The results indicate firstly that cooperation and transfer of information is related to “group work” variable positively, and secondly, significant differences were found in each of the contexts analysed. Besides, it has been found that the variable “transfer of information” is more explanatory of group work differences in organisational contexts than the variable “cooperation”.

This study verified that there is no homogeneity in group work in the Rioja wine industry. This study contributes to the knowledge about a significant industry of the economy and culture of the Rioja region, and the wine sector in general.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the rewards for training in the Spanish wine sector.

Through a questionnaire, Rioja wineries’ employees were asked about the training rewards in the sector. It is addressed different types of rewards (monetary and non-monetary) and contrasted with job category and functions of employees. The hypotheses were confirmed through ANOVA.

In the theoretical section, the importance of the learning environment is discussed. The development of a learning environment promotes workplace learning. Empirically, there are no significant differences in the effects on perceptions between rewards tied to training, the job category or job function of the employees in the company.

The importance of rewards as tools to moderate the behaviour of employees is discussed. It is found that the employees’ position in the company is not related to the type of training reward.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the role of training demand in the organisational changes.

The paper describes the demand of training courses in the Rioja wine sector in Spain and its relation with the changes in the sector carried out in recent years. Through a questionnaire, wineries’ managers asked about the training demand in the sector and change processes. It is proposed, first, the relationship between the demand for training and changes made by companies of Rioja wine in entering new markets and innovation in products and, second, that these changes explain the demand of training in marketing and oenology topics. To confirm the hypotheses, a binary logistic regression analysis was performed.

It was found that the relationship between the demand for training and the processes of change, and that the change processes in companies of Rioja wine sector originate a specific demand for training.

The paper provides a review of the importance of training in changes processes of companies. A critical factor in the change process is the development of workers competencies to cope with the changes in the organisation, but it is also important to develop a culture of change in the organisation.

This paper provides empirical evidence of the relationship between organisational changes and training demands in a key sector from the Rioja Community in Spain.

There is a long-lasting debate on the relationship between democracy and economic growth, though it remained inconclusive. On the other hand, corruption is one of the greatest challenges of the contemporary world that lessens the efficiency of a good government, distorts public policy, leads to the misallocation of resources, harms the private sector and particularly hurts the poor. Moreover, the corruption–growth relationship has been shown to be contingent upon the political regime. This chapter has chosen a set of emerging market economies (EMEs), which consists of democratic as well as authoritarian countries, to throw light on democracy–growth relationship through the channel of corruption using a system generalized method of moments estimation of a panel of 27 countries for a period of 2006–2018. Results show that democracy is growth-enhancing but corruption dampens its positive impact to some extent. However, for authoritarian countries corruption can enhance growth.