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1 – 10 of 98Aleksandra Drygała, Marek Szindler, Magdalena Szindler and Ewa Jonda
The purpose of this paper is to improve the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) which present promising low-cost alternative to the conventional silicon solar cells…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to improve the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) which present promising low-cost alternative to the conventional silicon solar cells mainly due to comparatively low manufacturing cost, ease of fabrication and relatively good efficiency. One of the undesirable factor in DSSCs is the electron recombination process that takes place at the transparent conductive oxide/electrolyte interface, on the side of photoelectrode. To reduce this effect in the structure of the solar cell, a TiO2 blocking layer (BL) by atomic layer deposition (ALD) was deposited.
Design/methodology/approach
Scanning electron microscope, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used to evaluate the influence of BL on the photovoltaic properties. Electrical parameters of manufactured DSSCs with and without BL were characterized by measurements of current-voltage characteristics under standard AM 1.5 radiation.
Findings
The TiO2 BL prevents the physical contact of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and the electrolyte and leads to increase in the cell’s overall efficiency, from 5.15 to 6.18%. Higher density of the BL, together with larger contact area and improved adherence between the TiO2 layer and FTO surface provide more electron pathways from TiO2 to FTO which facilitates electron transfer.
Originality/value
This paper demonstrates that the introduction of a BL into the photovoltaic device structure is an important step in technology of DSSCs to improve its efficiency. Moreover, the ALD is a powerful technique which allows for the highly reproducible growth of pinhole-free thin films with excellent thickness accuracy and conformality at low temperature.
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The purpose of this study is to verify the possibility of applying alumina (Al2O3) as the passivation and antireflective coating in silicon solar cells.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to verify the possibility of applying alumina (Al2O3) as the passivation and antireflective coating in silicon solar cells.
Design/methodology/approach
Model of a studied structure contains the following layers: Al2O3/n+/n-type Si/p+/Al2O3. Optical parameters of the aluminium oxide films on silicon wafers were measured in the range of wavelengths from 250 to 1,400 nm with a spectrophotometer Perkin Elmer Lambda 900. The minority carrier lifetime at the start of the n-type Si base material and after each of the next technological process was analysed by a quasi-steady-state photoconductance technique. The electrical parameters of the solar cells fabricated with four different thickness of the Al2O3 layer were determined on the basis of the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. The silicon solar cells of 25 cm2 area and 300 µm thickness were investigated.
Findings
The optimum thickness of alumina as passivation layer is 90 nm. However, considering also antireflective properties of the first layer of a photovoltaic cell, the best structure is silicon with alumina passivation layer of 30 nm thickness and with TiO2 antireflective coatings of 60 nm thickness. Such solution has allowed to produce the cells with the fill factor of 0.77 and open circuit voltage of 618 mV.
Originality/value
Measurements confirmed the possibility of applying the Al2O3 as a passivation and antireflective coating (obtained by atomic layer deposition method) for improving the efficiency of solar cells.
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The purpose of this study is to prepare a state-of-the-art review on advanced ceramic materials including their fabrication techniques, characteristics, applications and…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to prepare a state-of-the-art review on advanced ceramic materials including their fabrication techniques, characteristics, applications and wettability.
Design/methodology/approach
This review paper presents the various types of advanced ceramic materials according to their compounding elements, fabrication techniques of advanced ceramic powders as well as their consolidation, their characteristics, applications and wetting properties. Hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of advanced ceramic materials are described in the paper with their state-of-the-art application areas. Optical properties of fine ceramics with their intrinsic characteristics are also presented within. Special focus is given to the brief description of application-based manipulation of wetting properties of advanced ceramics in the paper.
Findings
The study of wetting/hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of ceramic materials is important by which it can be further modified to achieve the required applications. It also makes some sense that the material should be tested for its wetting properties when it is going to be used in some important applications like biomedical and dental. Also, these advanced ceramics are now often used in the fabrication of filters and membranes to purify liquid/water so the study of wetting characteristics of these materials becomes essential. The optical properties of advanced ceramics are equally making them suitable for many state-of-the-art applications. Dental, medical, imaging and electronics are the few sectors that use advanced ceramics for their optical properties.
Originality/value
This review paper includes various advanced ceramic materials according to their compounding elements, different fabrication techniques of powders and their consolidation, their characteristics, various application area and hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties.
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Patrick Bell, Nils Hoivik, Victor Bright and Zoya Popovic
A frequency tunable half‐wave resonator at 3 GHz is presented with a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) variable capacitor as the tuning element. The capacitor is fabricated…
Abstract
A frequency tunable half‐wave resonator at 3 GHz is presented with a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) variable capacitor as the tuning element. The capacitor is fabricated using the multi‐user MEMS process (MUMPs) technology provided by JDS/Cronos, and transferred to an alumina substrate by an in‐house developed flip‐chip process. This capacitor is electrostatically actuated. The resulting C‐V response is linear with a slope of 0.05 pF/V for a wide range of actuation voltages. The MEMS device has a capacitance ratio of 3:1 for 0‐70 V bias, with a Q‐factor of 140 measured at 1 GHz. A half‐wave tunable microstrip resonator with bias lines is designed to include this MEMS device, which exhibits linear tuning over 180 MHz (6 percent) centered around 3 GHz with a constant 3 dB bandwidth of 160 MHz over the entire tuning range. The power consumption of the MEMS device was measured to be negligible.
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Kavindra Kandpal and Navneet Gupta
The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive review on development and future trends in zinc oxide thin film transistors (ZnO TFTs). This paper presents the development…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive review on development and future trends in zinc oxide thin film transistors (ZnO TFTs). This paper presents the development of TFT technology starting from amorphous silicon, poly-Si to ZnO TFTs. This paper also discusses about transport and device modeling of ZnO TFT and provides a comparative analysis with other TFTs on the basis of performance parameters.
Design/methodology/approach
It highlights the need of high–k dielectrics for low leakage and low threshold voltage in ZnO TFTs. This paper also explains the effect of grain boundaries, trap densities and threshold voltage shift on the performance of ZnO TFT. Moreover, it also addresses the challenges like requirement of stable p-type ZnO semiconductor for various electronic applications and high value of ZnO mobility to meet growing demand of high-definition light emitting diode TV (HD-LED TV).
Findings
This review will motivate the readers to further investigate the conduction mechanism, best alternate for gate-dielectric and the deposition technique optimization for the enhancement of the performance of ZnO TFTs.
Originality/value
This is a literature review. The technological evolution of TFT in general and ZnO TFT in particular is presented in this paper.
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Mozhgan Hosseinnezhad and Zahra Ranjbar
The purpose of this paper is to introduce flexible dye-sensitized solar cells (FDSSCs).
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to introduce flexible dye-sensitized solar cells (FDSSCs).
Design/methodology/approach
In the third generation solar cells, glass was used as a substrate, which due to its high weight and fragility, was not possible to produce continuously. However, in flexible solar cells, flexible substrates are used as new technology. The most important thing may choose a suitable substrate to produce a photovoltaic (PV) device with optimal efficiency.
Findings
Conductive plastics or metallic foils are the two main candidates for glass replacement, each with its advantages and disadvantages. As some high-temperature methods are used to prepare solar cells, metal substrates can be used to prepare PV devices without any problems. In contrast to the advantage of high thermal resistance in metals, metal substrates are dark and do not transmit enough light. In other words, metal substrates have a high loss of photon energy. Like all technologies, PV devices with polymer substrates have technical disadvantages.
Practical implications
In this study, the development of FDSSCs offers improved photovoltaic properties.
Social implications
The most important challenge is the poor thermal stability of polymers compared to glass and metal, which requires special methods to prepare polymer solar cells. The second important point is choosing the suitable components and materials for this purpose.
Originality/value
Dependence of efficiency and performance of the device on the angle of sunlight, high-cost preparation devices components, limitations of functional materials such as organic-mineral sensitizers, lack of close connection between practical achievements and theoretical results and complicated fabrication process and high weight.
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Chee Yong Fong, Sha Shiong Ng, NurFahana Mohd Amin, Fong Kwong Yam and Zainuriah Hassan
This study aims to explore the applicability of the sol-gel-derived GaN thin films for UV photodetection.
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to explore the applicability of the sol-gel-derived GaN thin films for UV photodetection.
Design/methodology/approach
GaN-based ultraviolet (UV) photodetector with Pt Schottky contacts was fabricated and its applicability was investigated. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the GaN-based UV photodetector under the dark current and photocurrent were measured.
Findings
The ideality factors of GaN-based UV photodetector under dark current and photocurrent were 6.93 and 5.62, respectively. While the Schottky barrier heights (SBH) for GaN-based UV photodetector under dark current and photocurrent were 0.35 eV and 0.34 eV, respectively. The contrast ratio and responsivity of this UV photodetector measured at 5 V were found to be 1.36 and 1.68 μA/W, respectively. The photoresponse as a function of time was measured by switching the UV light on and off continuously at different forward biases of 1, 3 and 6 V. The results showed that the fabricated UV photodetector has reasonable stability and repeatability.
Originality/value
This work demonstrated that GaN-based UV photodetector can be fabricated by using the GaN thin film grown by low-cost and simple sol-gel spin coating method.
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Raghavendra Rao N.S. and Chitra A.
The purpose of this study is to extend a sensitivity-based reliability technique for the processors deployed in industrial drive (ID).
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to extend a sensitivity-based reliability technique for the processors deployed in industrial drive (ID).
Design/methodology/approach
The processor provides flexible operation, re-configurability, and adaptable compatibility in industrial motor drive system. A sensitivity-based model allows a robust tool for validating the system design. Sensitivity is the probability of a partial failure rate for a distributed variable; sensitivity and failure rates are also complementary. Conversely, traditional power electronic components reliability estimating standards have overlooked it, and it is essential to update them to account for the sensitivity parameter. A new sensitivity-based reliability prediction methodology for a typical 32-bit microprocessor operating at 30ºC deployed in ID is presented to fill this gap. The proposed techniques are compared with the estimated processor reliability values obtained from various reliability standards using the validated advanced logistics development tool. The main contribution of this work is to provide a sensitivity extended reliability method over the conventional method directing toward improving reliability, availability, and maintainability in the design of ID.
Findings
The analysis shows that the sensitivity of the processor’s circuit increases due to increases in complexity of the system by reducing the overall mean time between failure upon comparing among conventional reliability standards.
Originality/value
The significance of this paper lies in the overall, sensitivity-based reliability technique for processors in comparison to the traditional reliability complexity in IDs.
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Modupeola Dada, Patricia Popoola and Ntombi Mathe
This study aims to review the recent advancements in high entropy alloys (HEAs) called high entropy materials, including high entropy superalloys which are current potential…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to review the recent advancements in high entropy alloys (HEAs) called high entropy materials, including high entropy superalloys which are current potential alternatives to nickel superalloys for gas turbine applications. Understandings of the laser surface modification techniques of the HEA are discussed whilst future recommendations and remedies to manufacturing challenges via laser are outlined.
Design/methodology/approach
Materials used for high-pressure gas turbine engine applications must be able to withstand severe environmentally induced degradation, mechanical, thermal loads and general extreme conditions caused by hot corrosive gases, high-temperature oxidation and stress. Over the years, Nickel-based superalloys with elevated temperature rupture and creep resistance, excellent lifetime expectancy and solution strengthening L12 and γ´ precipitate used for turbine engine applications. However, the superalloy’s density, low creep strength, poor thermal conductivity, difficulty in machining and low fatigue resistance demands the innovation of new advanced materials.
Findings
HEAs is one of the most frequently investigated advanced materials, attributed to their configurational complexity and properties reported to exceed conventional materials. Thus, owing to their characteristic feature of the high entropy effect, several other materials have emerged to become potential solutions for several functional and structural applications in the aerospace industry. In a previous study, research contributions show that defects are associated with conventional manufacturing processes of HEAs; therefore, this study investigates new advances in the laser-based manufacturing and surface modification techniques of HEA.
Research limitations/implications
The AlxCoCrCuFeNi HEA system, particularly the Al0.5CoCrCuFeNi HEA has been extensively studied, attributed to its mechanical and physical properties exceeding that of pure metals for aerospace turbine engine applications and the advances in the fabrication and surface modification processes of the alloy was outlined to show the latest developments focusing only on laser-based manufacturing processing due to its many advantages.
Originality/value
It is evident that high entropy materials are a potential innovative alternative to conventional superalloys for turbine engine applications via laser additive manufacturing.
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Muhammad Zaheer Asghar, Elena Barbera, Samma Faiz Rasool, Pirita Seitamaa-Hakkarainen and Hana Mohelská
This research paper aims to explore the influence of social media–based knowledge-sharing intentions (SMKI) on prospective authentic leadership development (ALD) to deal with the…
Abstract
Purpose
This research paper aims to explore the influence of social media–based knowledge-sharing intentions (SMKI) on prospective authentic leadership development (ALD) to deal with the future crisis. In the existing literature, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no significant empirical evidence to test the relationship between SMKI and ALD. Thus, this study contributes to the growing literature regarding the role of SMKIs, ALD, social media–based knowledge-sharing behavior (SMKB) and facilitating conditions (FCs). However, in this study, the authors developed a conceptual framework based on technology adoption and leadership theory. It was used to identify preservice educational leaders’ SMKIs and their effect on ALD to deal with an educational crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, SMKIs are strengthening ALD, directly and indirectly, using SMKB and FCs.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study, the higher education students are considered preservice leaders who were enrolled in educational leadership and management programs. However, this study’s target population and sample are students enrolled in educational leadership and management programs. Therefore, higher education students are considered preservice educational leaders. Therefore, a multilevel questionnaire survey approach was adopted to collect data from preservice educational leaders (n = 451 at Time 1 and n = 398 at Time 2) enrolled in education departments in the selected universities in Pakistan. A total of 398 survey questionnaires were finalized with a return ratio of 89%. The partial least square structural equation modeling with SmartPLS 3.2.8 was used for the data analysis.
Findings
This research found that SMKIs are positively and significantly connected with ALD. This study also confirms that SMKB significantly and positively mediates the relationship between SMKIs and ALD. Therefore, this study concludes that preservice educational leaders were ready to adopt SMKB.
Practical implications
Social media–based knowledge sharing can be helpful to develop authentic leadership among preservice educational leaders during a crisis. Preservice educational leaders as authentic leaders can prove to be an asset in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.
Originality/value
This research integrated the technology adoption model and leadership theory to provide empirical evidence of SMKIs’ direct and indirect influence on ALD through social media–based knowledge-sharing actual use behavior by preservice educational leaders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the moderated mediating effect of the FCs was also studied in the relationship between SMKIs and actual user behavior as well as ALD.
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