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This paper aims to discuss how emotional intelligence (EI) can be incorporated into the tourism sector to enhance the tourist experience through managing the service encounter between tourism service representatives and tourists.

A review of the relevant literature on EI and tourism is undertaken to understand the link between EI and tourist experience. The paper begins by explaining the evolution and conceptualisations of EI and discusses its empirical evidence in various contexts.

EI is proposed to be incepted into the tourism context through its influence on the service encounter between tourism service representatives and tourists. The service encounter is diagnosed as being emotionally charged through discussing tourism offerings, emotional labour performance and tourist attributions.

This paper provides a fresh look into the link between EI and tourism service encounters and suggests the application of EI into the tourism context to enhance the tourist experience.

以情商提升旅游体验本文探讨了如何通过管理旅游服务代表与旅游者之间的服务接触, 将情商融入旅游领域, 来提升旅游体验。

本文通过对情商与旅游相关文献的回顾, 了解情商与旅游体验的关系。本文首先解释了情商的演变和概念化过程, 然后对情商在不同语境下的实证证据进行了讨论。

情商通过影响旅游服务代表与旅游者之间的服务接触而被引入旅游情境。通过讨论旅游产品、情感劳动表现和游客归因, 服务接触可以为情绪充电。

本文重新审视了情商与旅游服务接触的关系, 提出了情商能应用在旅游情境中, 以提升旅游体验。

旅游, 情商, 服务接触, 体验

概念纸

Mejorando la experiencia turística con inteligencia emocional

Este documento trata de cómo la inteligencia emocional puede incorporarse al sector turístico para mejorar la experiencia turística gestionando la relación del personal y los turistas en la prestación del servicio.

Se realiza una revisión de la literatura relevante sobre inteligencia emocional y turismo para comprender el vínculo entre la inteligencia emocional y la experiencia turística. El artículo comienza explicando la evolución y conceptualizaciones de la inteligencia emocional y discute su evidencia empírica en varios contextos.

Se propone que la inteligencia emocional se inserte en el contexto del turismo a través de su influencia en la prestación del servicio entre los empleados de turismo y los turistas. La prestación de servicio se diagnostica como una carga emocional a través de discusiones sobre ofertas de turismo, desempeño laboral emocional y atribuciones turísticas.

El documento proporciona una nueva perspectiva entre la inteligencia emocional y la prestación de los servicios turísticos y sugiere la aplicación de la inteligencia emocional en el contexto turístico para mejorar la experiencia turística.

Turismo, inteligencia emocional, prestación de servicio, experiencia

Tipo de papel Papel conceptual

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the knowledge evolution process, research hotspots and future trends in the accessible tourism research literature from 2008 to 2020.

A total of 213 articles on accessible tourism were selected from the core collection database of Web of Science (WoS) and analyzed using CiteSpace.

Over the 13-year period between 2008 and 2020, an increasing number of studies have been published concerning accessible tourism, but the overall base is still small. The research content mainly includes six modules. Among institutions, the University of Technology Sydney has published the largest number of papers. Cooperation among countries involves the USA, the United Kingdom, Australia, Portugal and China. Tourism Management is the leading journal for disseminating research on accessible tourism. Definition of “Accessible tourism” and the different scope of this phenomenon are re-discussed. In recent years, “experience” and “participation” have become the “new favorites” in accessible tourism research, which could reveal insights into future research directions.

The sampling frame was defined in terms of the WoS database and even though this is an important database for global academic information, in the big data era, the authors may have to integrate information from multiple sources to comprehensively reveal and understand knowledge maps. Second, because of the operational constraints of the CiteSpace software, the authors only selected outputs published in peer-reviewed journals, excluding other published works, such as books and conference papers. Finally, because of the language restrictions of the authors, this research is limited to journals published in the English language.

Practically, the results of this study made a conclusion of accessible tourism research so that the researchers can easily know what has currently been done and what future research can do. Tourism managers can also understand the demands and the constraints of tourism for the people who have barriers to travel. They can supply more specific products for the accessible tourism and further promote the construction of barrier-free travel environments.

This paper unifies the literature on senior tourism and people with disabilities tourism, and uses CiteSpace to construct data and network visualizations, including a burst and dynamic analysis for the period covered by the sample. Furthermore, this paper proposed a more diversified accessible tourism.

无障碍旅游：文献计量学研究综述 (2008-2020)

此篇论文目的是通过对2008年到2020年间无障碍旅游研究文献进行科学计量和可视化分析, 展示该领域的知识演变进程、研究热点和未来趋势。

从Web of Science核心合集数据库中经过多次筛选, 挑选出213篇文章, 并利用CiteSpace进行分析。

13年来无障碍旅游的研究文献数量总体呈上升趋势, 但总体基数仍然不大, 研究内容主要包含六个模块。机构中悉尼科技大学的发文量最多。国家间的合作以美国、英国、澳大利亚、葡萄牙和中国为基础。主要发行期刊是Tourism Management。本文还对无障碍旅游的定义和内涵重新进行了思考和讨论。近年来“体验”和“参与”成为了无障碍旅游研究中的“新宠”, 揭示出未来的研究方向。

此篇论文将老年旅游和残障旅游统一起来, 并利用CiteSpace做出清晰的数据和网络展示, 包含了过去13年的突发性和动态性分析。并且, 本文提出了更为广泛和多元的无障碍旅游。

无障碍旅游; 残障旅游; 老年旅游; 文献综述; CiteSpace

文章类型： 研究综述

Turismo accesible: una revisión bibliométrica (2008–2020)

El objetivo de este trabajo es revelar el proceso evolutivo del conocimiento, los puntos críticos de la investigación y las futuras tendencias de la literatura de investigación del turismo accesible del 2008 a 2020.

De la base de datos central de la red científica, se seleccionaron 213 artículos sobre turismo accesible y se analizaron utilizando citespace.

En los 13 años transcurridos entre 2008 y 2020 se han realizado cada vez más publicaciones relacionadas con el turismo accesible, pero la base general sigue siendo pequeña. Las investigaciones incluyen principalmente seis módulos. Entre los institutos, la Universidad Tecnológica de Sídney a publicado el mayor número de investigaciones. La cooperación entre los países incluye a los Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Australia, Portugal y China. La “Tourism Management” es la principal revista de investigación sobre el turismo accesible. Este artículo rediscute la definición de “turismo accesible” y el diferente alcance de este fenómeno. En los últimos años, la “experiencia” y la “participación” se han convertido en el “nuevo favorito” de las investigaciones sobre el turismo accesible, lo que podría revelar perspectivas con relación a la dirección de futuras investigaciones.

Esta investigación combina la literatura relacionada con el turismo adulto mayor y personas con discapacidad, utiliza citespace para construir los datos y la visualización de la red, incluyendo un análisis dinámico y de ráfagas para el período cubierto por la muestra. Además, este documento propone un turismo accesible más diversificado.

Turismo accesible, Personas con discapacidad, Adulto mayor, Bibliometría, CiteSpace

RevisiÓn de la literatura

The purpose of this paper is to study tourists’ spatial and psychological involvement reflected through tourism destination image (TDI), TDI is divided into on-site and after-trip groups and the two groups are compared in the frame of three-dimensional continuums.

By conducting latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) modeling to tourism user-generated content, structural topic models are established. The topics separated out from unstructured raw texts are structural themes and representations of TDI. Social network analysis (SNA) reveals the quantitative and structural differences of three-dimensional continuums of the two TDI groups.

The findings reveal that from the stage of on-site to after-trip, tourist perception of TDI shifts from psychologically to functionally-oriented, from common to unique, and from holistic to more attribute focused. Also, it is suggested that from a postmodernism perspective, TDI is never unique, fixed or universal, but has different image perceptions and feedbacks for different tourists.

With the assistance of social sensing, a panoramic view of TDI could be established. Targeted and precision destination marketing and image promotion could be applied out to each individual tourist.

Combining with the perspectives of the tourist-destination space system and the tourism involvement theory, this research proposes a TDI transformation model and an explanation of the internal mechanism. The originality of research also lies in the methodological innovation of social sensing data and the LDA topic model.

本研究针对旅游目的地形象（TDI）及其体现出的游客空间和心理涉入, 将旅游目的地形象划分为在场形象和游后形象, 并将二者在TDI三维连续体（Three-dimensional continuums）框架下进行比较。

本研究应用内容分析法, 通过对旅游用户生成内容（tourism UGC）进行LDA（Latent Dirichlet Allocation）建模, 从非结构化的原始文本中建立起结构化的语义主题模型, 并且应用社会网络分析（Social Network Analysis）, 从定量和结构化的角度揭示了游中与游后目的地形象的差异。

研究发现, 从游中到游后, 游客的目的地形象感知经历了从心理到功能、从一般到特殊、从整体到属性的转变。同时, 基于后现代主义的视角, 旅游目的地形象并不是唯一的、固定的或放之四海而皆准的, 而是在不同的游客感知中有不同的形象和体现。

应用社会感知（Social Sensing）理论可以全面解析旅游目的地形象。同时可以针对特定游客采取精准定点的旅游目的地营销和形象推广手段。

本研究从旅游目的地空间系统和旅游涉入理论视角出发, 提出了旅游目的地形象转变的模型和其内在机制解释, 在方法上创新性地使用了社会感知数据和LDA主题模型。

关键词 旅游目的地形象, 在场形象, 游后形象, 旅游用户生成内容 (tourism UGC), LDA（Latent Dirichlet Allocation）建模, 社会感知

Para estudiar el grado de participación espacial y psicológica de los turistas reflejado en la imagen del destino turístico (TDI), el TDI se divide en grupo en el sitio y grupo posterior al viaje, y los dos grupos se comparan en el marco del continuo tridimensional.

Al modelar la posible asignación de Dirichlet (LDA) del contenido generado por el usuario turístico (UGC), se estableció un modelo de tema estructural. El tema que está separado del texto original no estructurado es el tema estructurado y la representación de TDI. El análisis de redes sociales reveló diferencias en el número y la estructura de los continuos tridimensionales de los dos grupos de TDI.

Los resultados de la encuesta muestran que, desde la escena hasta los viajes, la percepción de los turistas de TDI cambia de orientación psicológica a funcional, de lo ordinario a lo único, y de una atención general a más. Además, se sugiere que desde una perspectiva posmoderna, TDI nunca es único, fijo o universal, sino que tiene diferentes percepciones de imagen y comentarios para diferentes visitantes.

Con la ayuda de la detección social, se podría establecer una vista panorámica de TDI. El marketing de destino y la promoción de imágenes dirigidos y precisos podrían aplicarse a cada turista individual.

Combinando con las perspectivas del sistema espacial de destino turístico y la teoría de la participación turística, esta investigación propone un modelo de transformación TDI y la explicación del mecanismo interno. La originalidad de la investigación también radica en la innovación metodológica de los datos de detección social y el modelo de tema LDA.

Applying social learning theory and the source credibility model, this study aims to investigate the impacts of perceived attractiveness, expertise and trustworthiness of YouTube travel vloggers on viewers’ wishful identification and behavioral intention. The study also aims to examine the effects of vlogger gender on viewers’ perception and on their wish to be like the vlogger.

With an online data collection from 402 YouTube travel vlog viewers, a moderated mediation model was tested using multiple linear regression and multivariate nested linear regression.

This study found that physical attractiveness, social attractiveness and credibility of travel vloggers positively affected audience wishful identification, among which credibility had the strongest impact. The effect of the travel vlogger’s social attractiveness on viewer wishful identification was even strengthened when the vlogger and the viewer were of different genders. Wishful identification partially mediated the relationship between vloggers’ attributes and viewers’ behavioral intention. Finally, the finding revealed female vloggers were perceived as more physically attractive than males, whereas male vloggers were assessed as more credible than their female counterparts.

Expanding upon the literature on mass media and social media, this study explains the mechanism of developing intention to imitate the travel vloggers of YouTube viewers. The findings provide tourism and hospitality managers with solution in choosing the most inspirational travel vlogger to influence consumer behavior.

本论文使用社会学习理论和信息可靠性模型来研究YouTube旅游Vlogger感知吸引力、专业知识、和可信赖性对观众的理想化认同和行为意图的影响。本论文还检验Vlogger性别对观众感知和理想化认同的影响。

研究样本数据为402位YouTube旅游vlog观众的在线数据, 采用多重线性回归和多变量镶嵌线性回归来分析调节中介模型。

研究结果表明, 旅游Vlogger的本身吸引力, 社交吸引力, 和可信赖度影响观众的理想化认同, 其中可信赖度占比重最大。旅游Vlogger的社交吸引力对观众的理想化认同影响力加强, 当旅游Vlogger与观众的性别不同时。理想化认同部分调节Vlogger属性与观众行为意图之间的关系。最后, 本论文研究表明, 女性Vlogger比男性Vlogger本身吸引力更大一些, 而男性Vlogger对观众的可信赖程度比女性Vlogger要大一些。

本论文拓展了大众传媒和社交传媒的文献范畴, 解释了YouTube观众如何模仿旅游Vlogger的动机。本论文结果为旅游和酒店管理者们提供了解决方案, 如何选择最有影响力的旅游Vlogger来影响消费者行为。

关键词 旅游vlogger, 、社交媒体, 、影响者营销, 、理想化认同, 、社会学习理论, 、YouTube

文章类型 – 研究型论文

This paper aims to explore the importance of three information technology (IT) capabilities, namely, outside-in, spanning and inside-out in the development of tourism supply chain (TSC) agility and resilience. Furthermore, the study also explored the moderating role of technology orientation (TO) on the proposed linkages.

The study adopted a multi-unit study of TSC. Consequently, perceptual data were gathered from two prominent entities in a typical TSC, namely, hotel managers and travel and tour operators. The responses were gathered using an email survey and were analysed using partial least squares in SmartPLS 2.0.M3.

Based on 221 completed responses, our study showed outside-in IT capability as an essential enabler for tourism agility and resilience. While spanning IT capability did not have any significant influence on tourism agility; it is a prominent enabler for tourism resilience. Inside-out IT capability did not have any significant influence on tourism resilience; however, it is a prominent enabler of tourism agility. Furthermore, TO was found as a positive moderator in outside-in IT capability? tourism agility; outside-in IT capability? tourism resilience linkages. Furthermore, it also acted as a positive moderator in spanning IT capability? tourism resilience linkage and inside-out IT capability? tourism agility linkage.

The study is the foremost to explore the importance of IT capabilities in the development of dynamic capabilities of agility and resilience in tourism. Furthermore, the study also is the foremost to explore the contingent role of TO in enhancing the influence of IT capabilities in tourism agility and resilience.

本论文探索三大IT能力通过引进来、跨境、和走出去等方式, 在旅游供应链变化和弹性方面的重要性。此外, 本论文还探索了在其关系中科技导向的调解作用。

本论文采样了旅游供应链的多单元数据。因此, 两大旅游供应链团体的数据被采集：酒店经理和旅游和旅行团。采样方式采取邮件问卷的方式, 数据采用 M3 软件使用偏最小方程来计算SmartPLS 2.0

完整样本量为221份。 本论文结果表明, 引进来IT能力是旅游变化和弹性的有效作用者。然而, 跨境IT能力并没有对旅游变化有显著效果；其对旅游弹性却有着显著作用。走出去IT能力对于旅游弹性没有显著效果；然而, 其对旅游变化有着显著效果。此外, 科技导向在引进来IT→旅游变化；引进来IT能力→旅游弹性等关系中起到有效调解作用。还有, 科技导向对于跨境IT能力→旅游弹性以及走出去IT能力→旅游变化的关系中起到积极调解作用。

本论文是首篇探索IT能力在旅游多样变化和弹性发展中的作用的文章。此外, 本论文还是首篇探索科技导向在加强IT能力对旅游变化和弹性中的影响的文章。

关键词 – 旅游、变化、弹性、科技导向、it能力

This paper aims to analyse the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in establishing destination appeal and reflect on the implications for smart tourism destination development. The focus is on identifying and analysing technological solutions by considering six elements shaping tourism destination appeal, namely, attractions, public and private amenities, accessibility, human resources, image and character and price.

To deliver public and private sector implications, the authors have reviewed and analysed relevant papers that were published in hospitality and tourism journals (42 Q1 and Q2 ranked journals based on SCImago Journal Rank) between 2010 and 2018.

ICTs affect the marketing and management of tourism destinations. They foster their innovativeness (e.g. interpretation of destination factors, new travel trends, innovative products, VA and AR), contribute sustainability (e.g. visitor management and reducing the use of resources) and improve accessibility (e.g. information provision, navigation, availability of sites and travel planning). The adaptation of technological solutions in the hospitality industry can be related to increased productivity, profitability and quality of services. Additionally, ICTs facilitate visitor decision-making (e.g. online distribution channels and information accessibility), influence overall travel experience and enable the sharing of visitors’ impressions.

The significant limitations of this study include restrictions on the timing of publication and on journal selection.

This paper reviews full-length research papers that were published in relevant tourism and hospitality journals. This paper complements the current literature by addressing the role of ICTs in establishing destination appeal and reflecting on implications for smart destination development and future research.

本论文分析了ICT在搭建旅游目的地吸引力方面的作用, 并对智慧旅游目的地发展提出启示。本论文重点在于考量六种搭建旅游目的地吸引力的因素：景点、公共和个人设施、可参观性、人力资源、形象和性格、以及价格, 并分析了各种科技解决方案。

为了给公众和私人企业提出启示, 本论文审阅并分析了发表在2010年至2018年之间的酒店旅游相关期刊文献（42Q1和Q2级别的SCImago期刊排名）。

信息通讯技术（ICTs）影响了旅游目的地的营销和管理。ICT促进了多种创新（比如, 目的地因素的解读、新旅游趋势、创新型产品、VA\AR）, 增强可持续性（比如, 游客管理和减少资源耗损）以及提高可参观性（比如, 信息提供、导航、景点信息、旅游规划等）。酒店业中的科技应用促进了生产力提高、营利性、和服务质量。此外, ICT帮助游客做旅游决策（比如, 在线分销渠道和信息获取）, 影响了整体旅游体验, 和增强了游客分享游历经验。

本论文审阅了旅游酒店期刊相关科研文章, 强调了建立旅游目的地吸引力中ICT的重要性, 以及对未来智慧旅游目的地发展和研究做出启示。

本论文的局限性在于只包含了特定发表年限和期刊限制的文章。

智慧旅游目的地、旅游目的地吸引力、信息和通信技术、ICT、旅游研究、酒店业

This study aims to investigate tourists’ propensity to use travel review websites (TRWs) during the pre- and post-travel stages from a cultural perspective.

This quantitative study is guided by the positivist paradigm. Data were obtained from an online survey, focussing on Australia, Canada, India and Malaysia.

The results indicate significant relationships between country of residence and the time research begins prior to an international or domestic holiday being undertaken; between country of residence and trust levels for information on TRWs; and country of residence and whether or not respondents post reviews on TRWs. These results are discussed using Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Long-term orientation shows a moderate cultural influence of respondents’ trust of information on TRWs, while a country’s individualistic or collectivist orientation has a strong influence on respondents’ posting/not posting a review on a TRW.

Care should be taken when generalising the findings beyond the study population, as no randomisation occurred with survey distribution.

The results of this study have implications for managers of tourism businesses wishing to better facilitate information-sharing behaviours of their customers through TRWs.

The cross-cultural comparisons used in this study add value to tourism studies, particularly when comparing Eastern and Western societies.

The study adds to the knowledge base on consumer pre- and post-trip online behaviours, considering the effect of country of residence and any influence from Hofstede’s cultural dimensions.

本论文从文化角度出发, 旨在研究游客在旅游前和后两阶段对旅游点评网站的使用。

本论文采用定量分析, 采用实证主义模型, 网络问卷取样来自澳大利亚、加拿大、印度、和马拉西亚等国家。

研究结果表明, 在国际或者国内假期之前, 国家和搜索时间有显著关系；国家与网站信息可信度有显著关系；国家和是否游客发布旅游点评有显著关系。研究结果依据Hofstede文化维度理论。长期倾向调节了文化因素对网站点评信息信任度的影响。国家个人主义和集体主义导向对游客发布旅游点评有强烈影响。

问卷采样未采用随机抽样方式, 因此, 研究结果的概括推广性值得谨慎对待。

研究结果对旅游业经理有重要启示, 尤其是意图通过旅游点评网站促进游客信息分享行为。

研究结果对比跨文化区别, 对旅游学研究有重要价值, 尤其是做东西方社会研究对比。

本论文对消费者旅游前和后两阶段的网上行为做了研究, 尤其是在居住国家和Hofstede文化维度方面的影响研究, 对相关文献做出理论贡献。

关键词 旅游点评网站、Hofstede、在线问卷调查、游客行为、旅游前、旅游后

This study aims to develop a measurement scale of tourism-led rural gentrification from the perspective of rural residents.

The procedure for developing the measurement scale included a thorough review of related literature on tourism-led rural gentrification and multiple stages of qualitative and quantitative investigations. A total of 1,080 rural residents in Huzhou and Huangshan participated in the project. The semi-structured interviews and questionnaire were applied to collect the data. This study analyzed the data with the methodologies of exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.

The measurement scale developed in this study included seven dimensions: Accelerated Ecological Awareness, Individual Behavior, Rural Economic Development, Enhanced Living Standards, Talents and Demographic Changes, Human and Cultural Shift and Cohesive Community.

This measurement scale was developed and validated in China and may not be relevant in other contexts. The scale focuses on tourism-led rural gentrification only from the perspective of rural residents. The findings broaden the knowledge on tourism-led rural gentrification by researching the topic from the point of view of rural residents.

For policymakers and tourism enterprises, this study provides a valuable index for a full understanding of tourism-led rural gentrification. For investors, the research offers insights for priority investments to advance tourism development in rural regions.

This study is one of the few attempts to empirically measure tourism-led rural gentrification. The results improve on the knowledge about tourism-led rural gentrification in China.

本研究的主要目的是从居民视角开发和验证旅游引导的乡村绅士化测量量表。

开发和验证旅游引导的乡村绅士化测量量表主要包含两方面的工作：旅游引导的乡村绅士化相关文献梳理; 多阶段的定量和定性研究。本研究共邀请1080位研究对象参与调研, 并通过深度半结构访谈和调查问卷收集数据, 使用EFA、CFA和SEM等研究方法研究结果。

本研究开发和验证的测量量表包括7个维度：文明素养感知、经济发展感知、生活水平感知、发展环境感知、社会风尚感知、人居环境感知和社区秩序感知。

本研究基于中国背景开发和验证了旅游引导的乡村绅士化测量量表, 未验证该量表在其他国家或地区的普适性, 且仅从居民视角展开研究。我们的研究结果丰富了旅游引导的乡村绅士化内容。

对于政策制定者和旅游企业来说, 本研究为他们充分了解旅游引导的乡村绅士化提供了参考; 对投资者来说, 本研究为投资者投资提供了有价值的借鉴和参考。

本研究是测量旅游引导的乡村绅士化的重要尝试, 丰富了对中国旅游引导的乡村绅士化的认识。

旅游引导的乡村绅士化 居民感知 量表开发 量表验证

文章类型： 研究型论文

El objetivo principal del presente estudio es desarrollar y validar una escala de medición de gentrificación rural impulsada por el turismo desde la perspectiva de los residentes.

El desarrollo y la validación de la presente escala de medición consistió en dos tareas principales: un examen de la literatura relacionada con la gentrificación rural impulsada por el turismo; y múltiples etapas de investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa. Para este estudio, se invitó a un total de 1080 sujetos para participar de esta investigación, los datos se obtuvieron mediante entrevistas y cuestionarios semiestructurados en profundidad, y los resultados se han analizado mediante EFA, CFA y SEM.

La escala de medición desarrollada y validada en este estudio consta de 7 dimensiones: percepción de alfabetismo civilizacional, percepción de desarrollo económico, percepción de nivel de vida, percepción de entorno de desarrollo, percepción de costumbres sociales, percepción de asentamiento humano y percepción de orden comunitario.

Este estudio desarrolló y validó la escala de medición basada en un contexto chino, pero no se pudo generalizar la escala de medición en otros países o regiones. Esta investigación solo analiza el fenómeno de gentrificación rural impulsada por el turismo desde la perspectiva de los residentes. Nuestros resultados contribuyen a mejorar el contenido de la gentrificación rural impulsada por el turismo.

Para los responsables políticos y las empresas de turismo, la presente investigación constituye una referencia para que comprendan plenamente la gentrificación rural impulsada por el turismo; para los inversores, constituye una valiosa referencia de inversión.

Este estudio es un importante intento para medir la gentrificación rural impulsada por el turismo y contribuye a enriquecer la comprensión de la gentrificación rural impulsada por el turismo de China.

Gentrificación rural impulsada por el turismo, Percepción de los residents, Desarrollo de la escala, Validación de la escala

Trabajo de investigación

The purpose of this study is to explore how following a destination’s Facebook page changes fans’ visit intentions.

The study conducted two waves of data collection before and after following a Facebook page over a three-month period and collected 297 and 172 usable responses. The theory of planned behavior was adopted to build the evolution model. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model was used in testing the proposed evolution model and exploring the changes over time.

Fans’ visit intentions significantly improved after following a Facebook page with a strengthened impact of subjective norm on visit intention. The effect of attitude on visit intention showed significant decrease after following the Facebook page, making attitude less important in travelers’ decision-making processes.

This study proves that destinations’ Facebook pages are effective in terms of improving fans’ visit intentions. Therefore, destination marketing organizations (DMOs) should focus on increasing the number of their Facebook fans and pay most attention to the social influence of Facebook pages.

This study is one of the first attempts to prove the effectiveness of Facebook marketing using a longitudinal approach. The study also contributes to the literature of utilizing PLS-SEM in hospitality and tourism research through applying the procedure of analyzing longitudinal data.

本论文旨在探索旅游目的地Facebook官网对吸引粉丝旅游的影响力。

样本数据搜集历时三个月, 分别在游客粉丝一个旅游目的地Facebook官网前和三个月后进行问卷收集。样本数量分别为297份（粉丝前）和172份（粉丝后）。计划行为理论（TPB）作为本论文的理论基础以建立研究模型。PLS-SEM为数据分析方法来测试假设模型和探索因时间而产生的变化。

游客的旅游意向明显加强了, 在粉丝旅游目的地Facebook之后, 显示为增强的主观规范对旅游意向的影响。游客态度对旅游意向的影响在粉丝Facebook官网后明显降低, 使得游客的态度对旅游决策的作用重要性降低。

本论文结果显示旅游目的地Facebook官网对增加粉丝游客有效用。因此, DMO应该重视吸引更多Facebook粉丝, 以及尤其重视Facebook中的社会影响。

本论文是极少数文章通过纵向研究方法来证明Facebook营销的效用性的研究。本论文还对酒店旅游研究文献采用PLS-SEM分析方法进行纵向研究有着理论贡献。

关键词 – 旅游目的地facebook官网, 纵向, 计划行为理论（TPB）, 旅游倾向。

纸张类型 – 文献综述

This paper aims to track the evolution of an innovative Aboriginal tourism business model with deliberate social and community enterprise objectives in a remote setting.

It adopts an in-depth exploratory case study approach to discover key characteristics of an emerging tourism enterprise. The qualitative data sources include publically available planning, promotional and organizational materials, in-depth interviews with key informants and on-site observations. Yunus et al.’s (2010) social business model provides the framework for the case analysis.

Findings highlight the gradual deepening of Indigenous engagement – from simply providing a place for a non-Indigenous tourism business – to running a fully Indigenous-controlled, staffed and themed on-country tourism business. Complementing existing non-Indigenous tourism experiences reduced the need for start-up infrastructure and market recognition, thus reducing business risk for the Traditional Owners. Despite substantial changes in the business structure in response to political and maturation factors, the core motivations seemed to remain strong. The business model facilitates value creation to stakeholders in varying ways.

The contextual nature of Indigenous tourism reflects limitations of qualitative case study methodology.

The resulting business model provides a contextually appropriate structure to engage in tourism for achieving cultural and societal goals. It mitigates against the identified risk of low market demand for Indigenous tourism experiences by connecting with established non-Indigenous tourism products, while also allowing for product offering independent thereof.

Social benefits are high and have potential for replication in similar contexts elsewhere.

The paper contributes to the emerging research on culturally appropriate business models in Indigenous tourism contexts and validates a strategy to overcome low demand. It offers a model that for the tourist facilitates a sustainable experience which enables co-production while for the hosts fosters community resilience, intergenerational learning and improved livelihoods. The case highlights opportunities for further research into the interrelationship, dependencies and thresholds between the social and economic profit equations, particularly in the context of the culture conservation economy.

旅游服务文化：澳大利亚原住民旅游商业模式的演变

本文追踪了以社会及社区企业为主的偏远地区的创新原住民旅游商业模式的演变。具

本研究采用深入的探索性案例研究方法来发现新兴旅游企业的关键特征。定性数据包括可公开获得的计划, 促销和组织资料, 与主要信息提供者的深入访谈以及现场观察。 Yunus等人（2010）的社会商业模型提供了案例分析的框架。

调查结果凸显了土著人参与度的逐步深化–从简单地为非土著人旅游业务提供场所, 到经营完全由土著人控制, 配备人员以及进行主题化的国家旅游业务。丰富现有的非土著旅游体验, 可以减少对启动基础设施和市场认可的需求, 从而降低了传统业主的业务风险。尽管由于政治和成熟因素, 业务结构发生了重大变化, 但核心动机似乎仍然很强。研究得出的商业模型通过各种方式促进了利益相关者的价值创造。

土著旅游的性质反映了定性案例研究方法的局限性。

本研究中的商业模型为通过旅游业实现文化和社会目标提供了一种适当情景下的结构。通过与成熟的非土著旅游产品建立联系, 目的地缓解了针对土著旅游体验的低市场需求风险。同时本文之方案还为其独立旅游产品开发提供了可能。

此商业模式的社会效益很高, 并且有可能在其他类似情况的地方进行复制。

本文为土著旅游背景下文化相关的商业模式的新兴研究做出了贡献, 并提出并验证了克服低需求的策略。它为游客提供了一种可持续发展的体验模式, 使人们可以实现体验共创, 同时为居民提供的模式则可以提高社区的适应能力, 代际学习机会和改善生计的途径。该案例强调了进一步研究社会与经济利益之间的相互关系, 依存关系和阈值的机会, 尤其是在文化保护经济的背景下。

土著旅游, 价值创造, 共创, 文化保护经济, 社会企业, 金伯利地区

Turismo para servir a la cultura: la evolución de un modelo de negocio de Turismo Aborigen en Australia

Este documento analiza la evolución de un modelo de negocio del Turismo Aborigen innovador, con un objetivo social común y empresarial determinado en un entorno remoto.

Adopta un enfoque profundo y exploratorio de estudio de caso para descubrir las características claves de una empresa turística emergente. Las fuentes de datos cualitativos, incluyen materiales de planificación, promoción y organización de acceso público, así como entrevistas en profundidad con informantes claves y observaciones in situ. El modelo de negocio social de Yunus et al. (2010) proporciona el marco para el análisis de casos.

Los hallazgos destacan la profundización gradual de la implicación indígena, desde proporcionar simplemente un lugar para un negocio de turismo no indígena, hasta un total control de la gestión del negocio turístico con personal y temática indígena. Complementando las experiencias existentes de turismo no indígena, se redujo las necesidades iniciales de infraestructuras y reconocimiento del mercado, disminuyendo así el riesgo comercial para los Propietarios Tradicionales. A pesar de los cambios sustanciales en la estructura empresarial que los factores políticos y de maduración provocan, las motivaciones centrales parecían mantenerse fuertes. El modelo de negocios facilita la creación de valor a las partes interesadas de diversas formas.

La naturaleza contextual del turismo indígena refleja las limitaciones de la metodología de estudio de caso cualitativa.

El modelo de negocio resultante proporciona una estructura contextualmente apropiada para la implicación de las comunidades indígenas en el turismo y poder lograr objetivos culturales y sociales. Mitiga el riesgo identificado de la baja demanda del mercado de experiencias de turismo indígena, al relacionarse con productos turísticos no indígenas establecidos, al tiempo que permite la oferta de productos independientes de los mismos.

Los beneficios sociales son altos y tienen potencial de replicación en contextos similares en otros lugares.

El documento contribuye a la investigación emergente sobre modelos de negocio apropiados, desde el punto de vista cultural, en contextos de turismo indígena y valida una estrategia para superar la baja demanda. Ofrece un modelo que por un lado, facilita al turista una experiencia sostenible permitiendo la coproducción, mientras que para los anfitriones, fomenta la resiliencia comunitaria, el aprendizaje intergeneracional y mejora los medios de ganarse la vida. El caso resalta las oportunidades para una mayor investigación sobre la interrelación, las dependencias y los límites entre la ecuación de beneficios sociales y económicos, particularmente en el contexto de la economía de preservación cultural.

Turismo indígena, creación de valor, coproducción, economía de preservación cultural, empresa social, región de kimberley

Trabajo de investigación