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The purpose of this paper is to propose the swimsuit patternmaking method suitable for the body shapes of middle-aged women and to propose the swimsuit pattern development procedures that enable automated swimsuit patternmaking.

To propose the patternmaking method of the swimsuit, which is suitable for the body shape of middle-aged women, the swimsuit patterns were developed in three stages in this study. The measurements of the middle-aged woman body model were compared with the size of the developed pattern in each stage, and the optimal stretch rate of the fabric was defined. In total, 22 items were used for size analysis of developed patterns in each stage.

The swimsuit patternmaking method proposed in this study was derived by considering the body shapes of middle-aged women, desired design and fabric characteristics. Also, a series of processes, including obtaining a raw pattern from the surface of the three-dimensional (3D) human body, designing patterns by the expert, evaluating patterns, drafting the final pattern and the final patternmaking method, was presented.

This study has great significance to provide a manual of swimsuit patternmaking for middle-aged women, which has high tightness and movement compatibility.

The swimsuit patternmaking method proposed in this study is relatively simple because it is based on the human body measurements and delivers the lines and the calculated values clearly and objectively rather than the patterner's intuition does so that it is suitable for the automation of the swimsuit patternmaking for the middle-aged women.

During 2008 Olympics, Michael Phelps had a record-breaking performance. One contributing factor to his success was the full-body swimsuit he was wearing. Cases like these were the reason for the initiation of study and research for improvement in the new generation of sport gears. The purpose of this paper is to show that drag force plays a significant role in swimmers’ speed through the water; thus, using swimsuit with minimized drag force becomes imperative for Olympians like Michael Phelps.

This paper shows a comparative evaluation of hydrodynamics of three PET fabrics with different finishings that have hydrophobic behavior over a range of Reynolds number 1.0218×10³ and 1.365×10³ in the air medium at 20°C ambient temperature, and Reynolds number ranging from 15.68856×10³ to 20.958×10³ in the water medium at 20°C ambient temperature under stable stretch conditions.

The results show that hydrophobic finishing reduces the drag force by 1.5 percent at the angles of attack of 0 and 90 degrees.

If all the factors are considered to be stable for the swimmer, the drag force reduces by 1.5 percent, thereby increasing the speed of swimmer by 1.22 percent, which means that the record of the swimmer improves by 0.819 seconds.

The close link between fashion and from a historical and sociological point of view is the focus of this chapter. Since the Industrial Revolution, these two industries have been part of the path toward modernity in Western Europe. The new industrial society created a different relationship with leisure time and bodies. On the other hand, fashion tourism accelerated and intensified this process toward unforeseen outcomes: new social relations and the loosening of traditional morality constraints. The swimming costume represents the point of encounter and overlapping between these two spheres: a significant element of novelty despite its ever-shrinking dimensions.

The purpose of this paper is to present the theoretical conceptualisation that led to the communication improvements needed for water polo in Greece. The paper also studies the implementation process. The proposed improvements were: (a) arrangement of symbols on the Players' caps; (b) addition of team logo and name on players' caps; (c) redesign of players' caps; (d) addition of colour to players' caps; and (e) introduction of a full-body swimsuit. The result was that all but one (e) of the proposed modifications was implemented and adopted during the 1996-2000 National League periods of the Greek men's water polo Division A1.

Formidable social-cultural and legal challenges face trans athletes, particularly trans girls and women, at the global, national and local levels. Two underlying and mutually reinforcing themes are in evidence throughout these analyses: the principle of sport exceptionalism, and the power of the media to shape trans-related discourse.

The longstanding concept of ‘sport exceptionalism’ is routinely invoked to justify trans girls' and women's exclusion: that is, rules applying to other social contexts and workplaces must be suspended in relation to sport, so that women's ‘safety’ and ‘fairness’ may be guaranteed.

Mainstream and social media contribute to trans exclusionary attitudes, by spreading misinformation and promoting a moral panic over the spectre of trans women taking over girls' and women's sport. Detailed analyses of media treatment of trans athletes Laurel Hubbard and Lia Thomas demonstrate these trends. Moreover, media play a significant role when they are reporting on global, national and local developments in sport policies and practices, with media distortion of scientific findings exacerbating these problems.

An examination of conceptual and applied responses to these challenges provides the context for exploring the way forward: new ways of imagining sport that are inclusive and just.

To provide an overview of recent audience development work at The Women's Library, London Metropolitan University.

The Women's Library used visitor research to identify key areas for building new audiences. Using library and archival collections as a starting point, the library forged strategic creative partnerships and developed a public programme designed to raise the profile of the library and increase attendance amongst the target audience groups.

The study provides detailed information about the planning process and implementation of the project, including the marketing campaign, and gives examples of ways in which the library used collaborative partnerships to engage with new and diverse audiences.

The case study focuses on one organisation, a University Library with museum and archival collections, but contains information transferable to other library services.

An insight into ways of working to increase library users and broaden audiences, using visitor research, marketing and audience development as an integral part of strategic planning.

This paper showcases innovative work in the library sector, and in a broader context, reflects activity in the cultural sector in the UK.

This paper is based on the simulation of wind tunnel experiment for better understanding and predicting the behavior of PET fabric in the wind tunnel. This software calculates the drag force of fabric, illustrates pressure in the surrounding of airfoil and velocity of wind in the tunnel during different angles of attack (0°, 45° and 90°). The paper aims to discuss these issues.

The sol-gel method was applied for the synthesis of silica nano particles. So, PET fabric was coated with precursor (Tetra ethyl ortho silicate) solution first and the process continued on PET fabric. The morphology of obtained hydrophobic fabric samples and their surface roughness was observed and determined by atomic microscopes (AFM and SEM). Experimental data were used for simulation and modeling, and then results were interpreted.

It was concluded that the surface roughness and its amount can play a significant role in the drag reduction of PET fabric, and surface roughness can change the boundary layer from laminar to turbulent.

At 45 degrees angle of attack, larger boundary layer separation results in a large increase in the drag force. This model is useful for predicting flow behavior in the experimental wind tunnel.