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Purpose – The purpose of this research is to study the process conditions that give best yield and expected compositions of liquid smoke products that result during the pyrolisis process relying on predetermined variables.

Design/Methodology/Approach – Pyrolisis process running times are varied, that is, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, and 6 hourly. Condensing temperature maintained remained 25–30 °C. Products identification was applied by using gas chromotography mass spectroscopy.

Findings – Based on the research output, it was concluded that process conditions which give maximum yield were achieved when using double unit condenser (DUC) and time optional four hours, and it provides maximum volume liquid smoke product, and compositions of pyrolisis products. The process also created seven components, namely nepthalene, propanoic acid, 3,7 nanodiena, 2 metilguaiakol, 2-metoksi 4-methyl phenol, 4 ethyl-2 metoksil phenol, oxybanzene. Applying DUC during condensation phase may increase condensing force thereafter obtaining resulted products between 200% and 300% rather than using single unit condenser (SUC).

Research Limitations/Implications – This research was conducted on a fixed batch reactor made of a metal plate with a thickness of 3.0 mm. It carries 200 kg in capacity. In this phase, the moisture of candlenut shells might be kept in 10–12.5% wt. Process temperature applied ranged within 350–500 °C.

Originality/Value – In addition the study increased the theorical of understanding about pyrolisis process and Improving the production of liquid smoke from candlenut shell by pyrolisis process using the method of vapor condensation (Double unit condensor).

This paper deals with a numerical simulation of the thermal and fluid‐dynamic behaviour of double‐pipe condensers and evaporators. The governing equations of the fluid flow (continuity, momentum and energy) in both the tube (evaporating or condensing flow) and the annulus (single‐phase flow), together with the energy equation in the tube wall, are solved iteratively in a segregated manner using a one‐dimensional, transient formulation, based on an implicit step by step numerical scheme in the zones with fluid flow (tube and annulus), and an implicit central difference numerical scheme in the tube wall, solved by means of the Tri‐Diagonal Matrix Algorithm (TDMA). This formulation requires the use of empirical information for the evaluation of convective heat transfer, shear stress and void fraction. Two criteria to calculate the location of the points of transition between single‐phase and two‐phase flow are tested. An analysis of the different parameters used in the discretization is made. Some illustrative results corresponding to the solution of a condenser and an evaporator using two different working fluids (R–12 and R–134a) are presented.

THE Funk Gerat 10 equipment is the latest standardized type, and is installed in all the later bombers and reconnaissance machines of the Luftwaffe.

This paper aims to present a numerical study on the natural convection, which operates either as an evaporator or condenser unit of the heat pump system to pre-cool and pre-heat the ambient fresh air.

This study focuses on natural air cooling or heating within the air channel considering the double skin configuration. Particular focus is given to the analysis of airflow and the heat transfer processes in an air channel to cool or heat the ambient fresh air. In this study, the physical model consists of one wall, either heated uniformly or cooled uniformly, whereas the other wall is adiabatic.

The results show that the variation of both velocity and temperature is observed as the flow transition occurs at the evaporator or condenser wall. In either case, the temperature rises in the range of 6.3–8.4°C with an increase in mass flow rate from 0.07–0.08 kg/s in the photovoltaic thermal condenser part, while in the photovoltaic thermal evaporator part, the change in mass flow rate from 0.048–0.061 kg/s causes a decrease in temperature from 7.1–4.5°C.

The solar-assisted photovoltaic thermal heat pump system, in building façade having an air layer application, is feasible for pre-heating and pre-cooling the ambient fresh air and also reduces the energy needed to treat the fresh air.

The influence of condensing and evaporating temperature under natural convection mode in double skin conformation is considered for pre-heating and pre-cooling of ambient fresh air.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the effect of basin water depth towards the cumulative distillate yield of the traditional and developed single basin double slope solar still (DSSS).

Modified single basin DSSS integrated with solar operated vacuum fan and external water cooled condenser was fabricated using aluminium material. During sunny season, experimental investigations have been performed in both conventional and modified DSSS at a basin water depth of 3, 6, 9 and 12 cm. Production rate and cumulative distillate yield obtained in traditional and developed DSSS at different water depths were compared and best water depth to attain the maximum productivity and cumulative distillate yield was found out.

Results indicated that both traditional and modified double SS produced maximum yield at the minimum water depth of 3 cm. Cumulative distillate yield of the developed SS was 16.39%, 18.86%, 15.22% and 17.07% higher than traditional at water depths of 3, 6, 9 and 12 cm, respectively. Cumulative distillate yield of the developed SS at 3 cm water depth was 73.17% higher than that of the traditional SS at 12 cm depth.

Performance evaluation of DSSS at various water depths by integrating the combined solar operated Vacuum fan and external Condenser.

THE generic term “reprographic” is intended to cover all the methods of making copies or reproductions and also the equipment related to these processes. The steady growth of all these methods has resulted in a close relationship between them, so that it is now almost impossible to refer to one without the other, especially where economics are being considered.

In thermal and nuclear power plants, numerous corrosion phenomena observed in copper alloy condenser tube nests have been identified by means of metallography. Particular importance has been given in the paper to verification of secondary dezincification, initiated at the boundaries of the α‐grains in copper tubes. Typical phenomena of corrosion under stress and of erosion‐corrosion have been observed in other copper alloy tube nests, with circulation of sea and river water. In some instances a semi‐quantitative check of the phenomenon on the whole tube nest, by means of eddy currents, has been made possible through the simultaneous application of metallographic analysis.

Early this year (CORROSION TECHNOLOGY, March issue) we published the first part of a paper presented before the American Petroleum Institute's Refining Division and also the National Institute of Corrosion Engineers, describing the different forms of hydrogen damage and the prevention steps that were taken at the new fluid catalytic cracking unit of the Richfield Oil Corporation. At that time we announced that we hoped to publish more of this interesting paper, brought up to date. This, then, completes the work of Messrs. Neumaier and Schillmoller and describes protective steps that have been taken at the fluid unit gas plant, the evaluation of these steps, monitoring and the use of organic inhibitors.

Since the beginning of January 1971 when the first Electrolux MHU industrial robot was installed for the production of motor housings for electric motors MHUs have been applied in many different types of production areas and industries in twelve countries.

Brief Details of Some of the Components and Equipment Produced by a Number of Companies in Support of the Super VC10 Programme. THE preceding articles have dealt with the raison d'être of the Super VC10, interior engineering, technical details of the combined passenger/freight version, principal differences between the Standard and Super VC10s, development of Economy class seating for B.O.A.C.'s VC10s and aircraft systems. It is the object of this final article to provide some additional information regarding Super VC10 equipment and systems in the form of the contribution made by specific firms to the Super VC10 programme.