Improving Production of Liquid Smoke from Candlenut Shell by Pyrolisis Process

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to study the process conditions that give best yield and expected compositions of liquid smoke products that result during the pyrolisis process relying on predetermined variables. Design/Methodology/Approach – Pyrolisis process running times are varied, that is, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, and 6 hourly. Condensing temperature maintained remained 25–30 °C. Products identification was applied by using gas chromotographymass spectroscopy. Findings – Based on the research output, it was concluded that process conditions which give maximum yield were achieved when using double unit condenser (DUC) and time optional four hours, and it provides maximum volume liquid smoke product, and compositions of pyrolisis products. The process also created seven components, namely nepthalene, propanoic acid, 3,7 nanodiena, 2 metilguaiakol, 2-metoksi 4-methyl phenol, 4 ethyl-2 metoksil phenol, oxybanzene. Applying DUC during condensation phase may increase condensing force thereafter obtaining resulted products between 200% and 300% rather than using single unit condenser (SUC). Research Limitations/Implications – This research was conducted on a fixed batch reactor made of a metal plate with a thickness of 3.0 mm. It carries 200 kg in capacity. In this phase, the moisture of candlenut shells might be kept in 10–12.5%wt. Process temperature applied ranged within 350–500 °C. The authors would like to thank and respect the Department of Research and Technology of Indonesia and KEMENRISTEK DIKTI, who have contributed and supported this research financially, thereby accomplishing this research accordingly. © Sulhatun, Rosdanelly Hasibuan, Hamidah Harahap, Iriani, Herman Fithra. Published in the Emerald Reach Proceedings Series. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and noncommercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode Production of Liquid Smoke


Introduction
Hazel nut or candlenut (Aleurites moluccana) is classified as one of the huge available natural resources in Indonesia, being considered as a wide prospect marketing commodity both in domestic and overseas. Candlenut shell resulted from its plantations is claimed as one of the numerous solid waste biomass, containing organic compounds, such as hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin.
Characteristic of pyrolisis products consisting of liquid smoke as a prime product, bio char as a solid state product resulted in tar and gas (Shen et al., 2015). Hereafter, compositions gained by biomass pyrolisis process are classified by its chemical prosperities, thus phenol, carbonil compound, formaldehyde, acid compound, and hydro polisiklis aromatis (HPA) such as benzo (@) pyrene in which claimed badness due to carsinogenic formed in wood pyrolisis process.
Liquid smoke has potential use for all natural antimicrobial in commercial aplication where smoke flavor is desired, which uses in food aplication (Saloko et al., 2014;Soazo et al., 2016), because liquid smoke memiliki manfaat sebagai antihydroxidative and antimicrobial (Ricke-and Crandall, 2014). The smoking of meat has been used as a presentitative technique for centuries (Kan et al., 2015). Redestillasi liquid smoke from oil palm shell has been proven effective as fresh fish preservative due to its antibacterial activity (Chen and Lin, 2015). Latex coogulant is one of the important factor of natural rubber because it will deremine the quality of rubber end product. One of the coogulant which produces good quality natural rubber is liquid smoke (Fahlepy and Suwardin, 2015).
The purpose of this research was to find out (i) treatment procedures which result in best yield, (ii) composition of of liquid smoke yielded from pyrolisis process using predetermined variables, and (iii) the effect of double unit and single unit condenser (SUC) on yield improvement of liquid smoke using pyrolisis process.

Materials and Methods
This research conducted in several stages, starting from raw material preparation (candlenut shell) that was harvested from several villages plantations within North Aceh district.

Raw material preparation
The raw material is using candlenut shell. This is collected by locals from several villages in north Aceh resort. It is dried naturally by sun to reduce moisture content around 10-15% ( Figure 1).

Pyrolisis Stage Methode
In this phase, dried candlenut shells to be weighed at 200 kg and fed into pyrolisis tube of reactor which is made up of metal plate with thickness in 3 mm. In this stage, humidity of candlenut shells should be kept at 10-12.5% and not to be crushed to smaller size as it has been appropriately sized. Process temperature maintained within 350-550°C. Time of pyrolisis presets, that is, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, and 6 hourly. Pyrolisis equipments to be used are SUC and double unit condenser (DUC) intended to observe comparatively the effects of both condensers upon condenser increasing efficiency of pyrolisis products obtained. Hereafter, the products collected into storage tank. Condensing temperature to be kept at 25-30°C. The next step is to identify the products by using gas chromotography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Calibration of area chromatoghraphy to be done by analyzing response factors over chemical group appearances which firstly determined by using campuran standard and senyawa reference (untuk cairan Tetraline untuk gas methane) with a very concentrations. Unidentified peaks of chromatography. Figure 2 covers a 5% of total area presented by average response factor. Characteristic of liquid products may observed by using Carlo Elba EA 1108 that equipped with elemental microanalyzer. By this instrument, a liquid smoke-water mixture can be observed (Carl Fische Technic, Iram 21320). Calorie value of liquid product-gas mixture to be corrected depending on water content calculated by Dulong's method (Figure 2).

Product analysis stage
Hence we undertook the identification of liquid smoke product yielded by optimum condition and evaluated the characteristics of the product with several variables. GCMS was applied in identifying products. Moreover, analyzing stage was followed by measuring acidity.
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Result 3.1.1. Pyrolisis Condition. Optimum process condition on candlenut shells resulting maximum gain of liquid smoke by pyrolisis, by applying vapor condensing method, using DUC and SUC with running time 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, and 6 hourly. It shown in Figure 4, where best performance of pyrolisis process to achieve maximum quantity of liquid smoke derive from candlenut shells resulted by using DUC within running time four hours and for SUC within 3.5 hours.
3.1.2 Affection of condenser's types upon increasing yield of liquid smoke. Optimum process conditions resulting maximum liquid smoke product in pyrolysis of candlenut shells by applying vapor condensing method of SUC that takes pyrolysis running time four hours. Best performance process conditions achieved by applying DUC with running time four hours in which total yield of liquid smoke obtained around 1,320 mL. It is clearly shown in Figure 3. The percentage increase of the candlenut shell liquid smoke products using double-type condensor showed significant influence towards smoke liquid production compare to using single-type condensor. The increase reached 300%. It can be seen in Figure 3.
3.1.3. Product Analisa Stage. Analisa identification of the product by GCMS dapat dilihat pada Table 1.

Discussion
Optimum process condition on candlenut shells resulted in maximum gain of liquid smoke by pyrolisis, by applying vapor condensing method using DUC and SUC with running time 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, and 6 hourly. It is shown in Figure 4, that the best performance of pyrolisis process to achieve maximum quantity of liquid smoke derived from candlenut shells resulted by using DUC within running time of four hours and for SUC within 3.5 hours.

Conclusion
From this research, the conclusion can be described as follows: The best process condition for maximum performance of liquid smoke during pyrolisis of candlenut shell with condensing vapor method was by using SUC at 3.5 hours and DUC at 4 hours, respectively, which obtained total yield araound 456 mL and 13,200 mL, pH 4.23-4.78 condensing mechanism using the type of condensor DUC obtained liquid smoke product is higher than using the type of condensor SUC. The increasing percentage liquid smoke candllenut shell was obtained by using DUC to 300%.