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This study aims to address the need for robust conceptual foundations in the digital nomadism discourse through a systematic literature review (SLR). It delves into digital nomadism within sustainable tourism, providing valuable insights to foster community development.

This study uses a rigorous eight-step process that combines an SLR and a system dynamics approach. In the SLR phase, the authors use the theory, context, characteristics and methodology framework to identify key variables for a dynamic model of sustainable tourism through digital nomadism, following detailed search and selection criteria based on PRISMA guidelines. The second phase uses causal loop diagrams (CLDs) from the literature review to visualize relationships and inform future research directions. The CLD model is validated through literature-based and stakeholder interaction processes, focusing on the social, economic and environmental dimensions, resulting in the development of a robust conceptual model.

This study identified 28 theories, including agency–structure theory, travel career ladder theory, stakeholder theory and grounded theory, among others. Semi-structured interviews were the primary research method. Major themes explored encompass community interactions, work lifestyles, cultural aspects, financial considerations, infrastructure and policy. The proposed conceptual model aims to scrutinize relationships across economic, environmental and social dimensions, providing a foundation for investigating and promoting sustainable tourism.

Policy implications involve refining taxation policies to maintain tax bases, promoting collaborative economic models and enforcing environmental regulations. Additionally, integrating community planning infrastructure and implementing demographic strategies to manage potential population shifts are crucial. Policies supporting education, skill transfer, health and well-being initiatives contribute significantly to fostering sustainable tourism practices and enhancing community vitality.

To the best of authors’ knowledge, this study is the first in the digital nomadism space to propose a conceptual model for sustainable tourism adoption.

本研究通过系统的文献综述解决了数字游牧话语中对坚实概念基础的需求。它深入研究了可持续旅游业中的数字游牧主义, 为促进社区发展提供了宝贵的见解。

本研究采用严格的八步流程, 结合了系统文献综述（SLR）和系统动力学方法。在 SLR 阶段, 我们利用 TCCM 框架, 遵循基于 PRISMA 指南的详细搜索和选择标准, 通过数字游牧主义确定可持续旅游业动态模型的关键变量。第二阶段利用文献综述中的因果循环图（CLD）来可视化关系并为未来的研究方向提供信息。 CLD 模型通过基于文献和利益相关者互动过程进行验证, 重点关注社会、经济和环境维度, 从而开发出稳健的概念模型。

本研究确定了 28 种理论, 包括代理结构理论、旅游职业阶梯理论、利益相关者理论和扎根理论等。半结构化访谈是主要的研究方法。探讨的主要主题包括社区互动、工作生活方式、文化方面、财务考虑、基础设施和政策。提出的概念模型旨在审查经济、环境和社会维度之间的关系, 为调查和促进可持续旅游业提供基础。

政策影响包括完善税收政策以维持税基、促进协作经济模式以及执行环境法规。此外, 整合社区规划基础设施和实施人口战略以管理潜在的人口变化也至关重要。支持教育、技能转让、健康和福祉举措的政策对促进可持续旅游实践和增强社区活力做出了重大贡献。

据作者所知, 这项研究是数字游牧领域第一个提出可持续旅游业概念模型的研究。

Este estudio aborda la necesidad de fundamentos conceptuales sólidos en el discurso del nomadismo digital, mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Profundiza en el nomadismo digital dentro del turismo sostenible, proporcionando un conocimiento valioso para fomentar el desarrollo comunitario.

Este estudio emplea un riguroso proceso de ocho pasos que combina una revisión sistemática de la literatura (SLR) y un enfoque de dinámica de sistemas. En la fase SLR, utilizamos el marco Teoría-Contexto-Características-Metodología (TCCM) para identificar variables clave para un modelo dinámico de turismo sostenible a través del nomadismo digital, siguiendo criterios detallados de búsqueda y selección basados en las directrices del método de elementos de notificación preferidos para revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis (PRISMA). La segunda fase utiliza diagramas de bucles causales (CLD) a partir de la revisión de la literatura para visualizar las relaciones e informar sobre futuras direcciones de investigación. El modelo CLD se valida mediante procesos basados en la literatura y en la interacción con las partes interesadas, centrándose en las dimensiones social, económica y medioambiental, lo que da como resultado el desarrollo de un modelo conceptual sólido.

Este estudio identificó 28 teorías, entre ellas la teoría de la estructura de agencia, la teoría de la carrera profesional en los viajes, la teoría de las partes interesadas y la teoría fundamentada. Las entrevistas semiestructuradas fueron el método de investigación primordial. Los principales temas explorados abarcan las interacciones comunitarias, los estilos de vida laborales, los aspectos culturales, las consideraciones financieras, la infraestructura y la política. El modelo conceptual propuesto tiene como objetivo examinar las relaciones entre las dimensiones económica, medioambiental y social, proporcionando una base para investigar y promover el turismo sostenible.

Las implicaciones políticas conllevan el perfeccionamiento de las políticas fiscales para mantener las bases impositivas, el fomento de modelos económicos colaborativos y el cumplimiento de la normativa medioambiental. Además, es fundamental integrar la infraestructura de planificación comunitaria y aplicar estrategias demográficas para gestionar los posibles cambios en la población. Las políticas de apoyo a las iniciativas de educación, transferencia de habilidades, salud y bienestar contribuyen significativamente a fomentar prácticas de turismo sostenible y a mejorar la vitalidad de la comunidad.

Hasta donde el autor sabe, este estudio es el primero en el espacio del nomadismo digital que propone un modelo conceptual para la adopción del turismo sostenible.

One of the most well-known, seminal models in the tourism field is the one proposed 50 years ago by Stanley C. Plog. His venturesomeness model has been widely cited in journal articles, textbooks, and has also been used as a reference for planning and designing tourism marketing projects. However, empirical research using Plog's psychographics has yielded varied results, some of which have corroborated his model, while others have found partial or no support for some postulates. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to offer an exhaustive review of 47 studies in the literature which have employed Plog's venturesomeness concept to examine travelers' personality traits, attitudes, and behavior, synthetizing empirical findings and drawing conclusions from the cumulative results. A discussion of the model's contribution to the current body of knowledge, managerial implications for tourism practitioners, and directions for future research are presented.

Marketing tourism is essential for long-term tourism development which requires gaining knowledge about the motivation and needs of tourists. In order to help tourists gain a hospitable experience, information regarding the needs, perception, and their behavior while on site is important. This research attempts to explore the priority of tourists’ needs in visiting historical sites. It also tries to conceptualize new forms of hospitality strategies for smart tourism development. Based on grounded theory, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is conceptualized for historical tourists and used as the main framework for this work. The Persepolis-Pasargadae Historical Range (PPHR) is chosen as the case study of the research because of the historical and cultural attractions located in this historical range. Results indicate that tourists interested in visiting this destination are looking to fulfill their growth needs. These growth needs can be complemented by new technologies while on site such as virtual reality (VR) goggles that help tourists gain knowledge about the reality of these destinations. The research concludes with findings and suggestions that can contribute to the planning of an effective marketing plan based on tourists’ motivation and needs for visiting historical destinations.

The study aims to explore the intellectual structure of wellness tourism (WT) research by performing a two-phase methodological approach.

Citation and co-citation analysis were performed on 209 articles published up to October 2021 in Scopus, and the results were visualised with the VOSviewer software. Furthermore, to assess clusters in-depth, qualitative thematic content analysis was used.

The findings indicate that the main articles of WT research examine the demand side of WT. Five clusters were explored by co-citation analysis. Each cluster is discussed by presenting the main theme, key theoretical framework, and characteristic methodological perspective. Accordingly, no dominant theory stands out in research on wellness tourism. Most of the study has been done through cross-sectional surveys.

The authors anticipate that by the recommendations outlined in this study, WT research will progress and provide significant insights to WT practitioners in the coming years to meet tourist expectations.

Via this research, which shows the discovery of the intellectual structure of WT and its holistic picture, the deficiencies in the picture will be seen, and practitioners will be provided information based on evidence.

The purpose of this study is to pioneer the exploration of approach and avoidance intentions of senior tourists by analyzing push and pull factors. It innovatively categorizes these factors into dual-impact, resilient and facilitative types, surpassing previous research by understanding complex motivations shaping senior travel decisions.

Cross-sectional research surveyed 641 elderly individuals in Odisha and West Bengal, India, analyzing data using structural equation modeling.

Notably, certain push factors such as health improvement, novelty and socialization exert a positive influence on approach intentions while discouraging avoidance intentions. The push factors of status and self-fulfillment solely have a negative impact on avoidance intentions. The factors of escape and relaxation have been found to positively contribute to approach intentions. In the realm of pull factors, destination familiarity/friendliness quotient and ease of consumption of tourist experiences exert a positive influence on approach intentions, whereas the health safety and security quotient of a destination reduces avoidance intentions.

This study uniquely categorizes push and pull factors impacting senior tourists’ intentions. The identification of dual-impact, resilient and facilitative factors opens new avenues for creating a supportive and accessible environment for senior tourists, thereby improving their travel experiences.

本横断面研究调研了印度奥里萨邦和西孟加拉邦的 641 名老年人, 并使用结构方程模型分析所获的调研数据。

本研究开创性地通过分析推-拉因素来探索老年游客接近和回避意图。 研究中创新地将这些因素分为双重影响、弹性和便利性三种类型以解读影响老年人旅行决策的复杂动机, 从而超越了前人的研究成果。

值得注意的是, 某些推动性因素, 如健康改善、新奇感和社交化, 对接近意图产生积极影响, 同时也抑制回避意图。 诸如地位和自我实现的推动性因素仅对回避意图产生负面影响, 而逃避和放松的推动性因素对于接近意图有积极的贡献。 在拉动性因素方面, 目的地熟悉度/友好商数和旅游体验消费的容易程度对接近意图产生积极影响, 而目的地的健康安全商数则抑制回避意图。

这项研究独特地对影响老年游客意图的推动性和拉动性因素进行了分类。 三种因素类型的识别——双重影响、弹性和便利性因素——为创造老年游客友好的支持性无障碍旅游环境开辟了新途径, 从而改善了他们的旅游体验。

Se realizó una investigación transversal con encuestas a 641 personas mayores de Odisha y Bengala Occidental (India) y se analizaron los datos mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales.

Este estudio es pionero en la exploración de las intenciones de acercamiento y evitación de los turistas de la tercera edad mediante el análisis de los factores de atracción y empuje. Clasifica de forma innovadora estos factores en dos tipos: de doble impacto, de resistencia y de facilitación, avanzando investigaciones anteriores al comprender las complejas motivaciones que determinan las decisiones de viaje de las personas mayores.

En particular, ciertos factores de empuje, como la mejora de la salud, la novedad y la socialización, ejercen una influencia positiva en las intenciones de acercamiento, mientras que desalientan las intenciones de evitación. Los factores de empuje de estatus y autorrealización sólo tienen un impacto negativo en las intenciones de evitación. Los factores de evasión y relajación contribuyen positivamente a las intenciones de acercamiento. En el ámbito de los factores de atracción, la relación familiaridad/amabilidad del destino y la facilidad de consumo de las experiencias turísticas ejercen una influencia positiva en las intenciones de acercamiento, mientras que la relación seguridad y protección sanitaria de un destino reduce las intenciones de evitación.

Este estudio clasifica de forma única los factores de empuje y atracción que influyen en las intenciones de los turistas de la tercera edad. La identificación de factores de doble impacto, resilientes y facilitadores abre nuevas vías para crear un entorno favorable y accesible para los turistas de la tercera edad, mejorando sus experiencias de viaje.

This study aimed to determine the motivations of a select group of South Africans in terms of their potential engagement with cultural tourism; more specifically, the study set out to show whether these motivations influence the cultural activities that the tourists want to participate in and whether their interest in specific cultural activities determines their destination choices. Furthermore, the mediating role of activities in the relationship between cultural motivations and destination choice was also assessed.

An online panel survey collected responses from 1,530 potential cultural tourists across South Africa. Hypotheses were tested, using structural equation modelling.

The results show that tourists' motivations for cultural tourism influence their likelihood of participating in specific cultural activities. Cultural tourism is shown to be influenced by more than learning and includes entertainment, relaxation, novelty and escape dimensions. There also seems to be a difference in the activities engaged in by destination type. For example, tourists likely to take part in indigenous cultural tourism activities are more likely to do so at hedonic destinations.

This paper contributes to the understanding of cultural tourism activities, aiding destinations in attracting cultural tourists. Destinations need to develop activities that match visitor motivations, increase satisfaction and encourage visitors to return.

The paper increases the understanding of cultural tourism in South Africa and underlines the importance of communities in providing distinctive tourism activities. The study also has an important social dimension, highlighting the role of social status in cultural tourism consumption and destination selection.

Religious tourism is one of the oldest and fastest-growing segments. This study analyzes religious tourism through the pilgrimage of Muslims to the holy city of Mecca and has the following objectives: (1) establish the motivational dimensions of religious tourism; (2) identify the motivational dimensions that predict the satisfaction of religious tourism and (3) determine the motivational dimensions that predict return, recommend and say positive things about religious tourism applied to the pilgrimage to a sacred city.

The sample consisted of Muslim pilgrims who had visited Mecca. The sample was collected in Bahrain, a country located on the Persian Gulf, where most of its population is Muslim. A total of 380 valid questionnaires were obtained online. For the data analysis, factorial analysis and the multiple regression method enter were performed.

The results show that religious motivations are more important when visiting a sacred city than secular ones. Three motivational dimensions were found: religious, social and cultural and shopping. The three dimensions found have a significant relationship with satisfaction and loyalty. Likewise, it was found that the religious motivational dimension is the factor that most predicts satisfaction and loyalty in the behavior of religious visits to a sacred city.

The main limitation of the present study was the temporality in which the sample was taken because the demand may vary at another time of the year and therefore vary its results.

The authors of the study recommend that holy cities increase the religious motivations of these travelers by periodically researching their needs and organizing services to suit their desired spiritual experience. Also, to improve the social and cultural part, travel agencies and tourist companies to Mecca should promote social and cultural motivation among travelers in an appropriate way by providing service packages that involve visits to cultural and social sites such as museums and cultural centers.

This research will serve as a management guide for public institutions and private companies to develop more efficient planning in religious destinations and sacred cities.

This study is the first to analyze the construct of motivations in the pilgrimage to the city of Mecca, to then establish what the main motivations are that predict satisfaction and loyalty in a religious city. Thus, its results provide important information for tourist destination managers and tourism service providers.

Goals play a critical role in everyday life and shape life and lifestyles. This chapter reviews and discusses the main approaches to the study of goals, addressing main theoretical endeavours that have emerged from psychological research, and emphasising the contributions from cognitive psychology to the topic. It also discusses literature on goals and motivation as found in tourism studies, highlighting the theoretical underpinnings used in this field. The discussion concludes with the need to update, in tourism studies, knowledge from cognitive psychology and propose how a better understanding of the cognitive foundations of goal-oriented behaviour can contribute to change tourism practice.

The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive investigation into declining and emerging occupations and job titles and to develop a national career progression pathway for the tourism and hospitality (T&H) sector.

Anchored on the Social Cognitive Career Theory, this study used face to face in-depth interviews of 33 industry stakeholders: policymakers, trade association, training providers and beneficiaries (T&H).

The finding reveals that only the “watchman” occupation was identified as the declining job while majority of the emerging jobs were more related to information technology and environmental occupations (website designers, digital marketers, data analysts, hygienists, and safety and hazard experts).

The findings provide a valuable signal for the growing number of jobs in security services, hygiene and information technology-oriented occupations, which the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture including practitioners including HR directors and general managers should respond timely to and to these growing needs in order to remain competitive in the sector.

This is the first study in context that responded to a call by industry players to fill in a practical knowledge gap in examining declining and emerging jobs and job titles in the T&H sector. The study provides vocational insights into mapping the entry level requirements for the jobs allied with occupations in the national technical and vocational educational training qualifications framework of Ghana at the national level.

The recruitment and promotion of teaching academics in the UK is constrained by a complex array of career progression barriers. These barriers have led to an increasing trend of horizontal career (lack of) progression. The purpose of this paper is to reveal and discuss linearity and horizontality constrictions, challenges and issues impacting on potential careers in tourism academia.

This study uses a leading UK national academic recruitment website to gather data and insights from across 137 posted jobs related to tourism between 2020 and 2022.

The main findings of this work note the constrictions of the UK academic job market and the consequences it poses for academics within tourism and beyond. It is proposed that future research to further understand the realities faced by academics is needed to prompt action for change to create more enriching career development.

The contribution of this study centres around sense making a phenomenon that exists but is not often talked about within academia (whether in tourism or beyond). For academics and managers, this paper presents an opportunity to reflect more holistically on careers with a view to instigating valuable change moving forward (for oneself or others). There is also a dearth of studies relating to career progression of tourism higher education educators.