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The paper aims to discuss the inverse heat conduction methodology in solution of a certain parameter identification problem. The problem itself concerns determination of the thermophysical properties of a thin layer coating by applying the laser flash apparatus.

The modelled laser flash diffusivity data from the three-layer sample investigation are used as input for the following parameter estimation procedure. Assuming known middle layer, i.e. substrate properties, the thermal diffusivity (TD) of the side layers’ material is determined. The estimation technique utilises the finite element method for numerical solution of the direct, 2D axisymmetric heat conduction problem.

The paper presents methodology developed for a three-layer sample studies and results of the estimation technique testing and evaluation based on simulated data. The multi-parametrical identification procedure results in identification of the out of plane thin layer material diffusivity from the inverse problem solution.

The presentation itself is limited to numerical simulation data, but it should be underlined that the flake graphite thermophysical parameters have been utilised in numerical tests.

The developed methodology is planned to be applied in detailed experimental studies of flake graphite.

In the course of a present study, a methodology of the thin-coating layer TD determination was developed. In spite of the fact that it has been developed for the graphite coating investigation, it was planned to be universal in application to any thin–thick composite structure study.

The thermal diffusivity of thick film NTC layers based on a metal oxide powder mixture was measured at room temperature by the photoacoustic (PA) technique. The powder mixture was composed of MnO (60 percent), CoO (32 percent) and Fe₂O₃ (8 percent), which were ball milled to nanometer particle size. NTC layers of different thicknesses were made by sequentional screen‐printing followed by drying and co‐firing at 850, 900 and 1,000°C in a hybrid conveyor furnace. The experimental PA phase and amplitude diagrams were numerically analyzed and the thermal diffusivity and electron transport parameters were calculated. An increase of thermal diffusivity with sintering temperature was observed. The fractal structure model was in agreement with the experimental data for modulation frequencies in which the sample behaved as thermally thick.

The purpose of this paper is to develop, apply and validate a mesh-free graph theory–based approach for rapid thermal modeling of the directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing (AM) process.

In this study, the authors develop a novel mesh-free graph theory–based approach to predict the thermal history of the DED process. Subsequently, the authors validated the graph theory predicted temperature trends using experimental temperature data for DED of titanium alloy parts (Ti-6Al-4V). Temperature trends were tracked by embedding thermocouples in the substrate. The DED process was simulated using the graph theory approach, and the thermal history predictions were validated based on the data from the thermocouples.

The temperature trends predicted by the graph theory approach have mean absolute percentage error of approximately 11% and root mean square error of 23°C when compared to the experimental data. Moreover, the graph theory simulation was obtained within 4 min using desktop computing resources, which is less than the build time of 25 min. By comparison, a finite element–based model required 136 min to converge to similar level of error.

This study uses data from fixed thermocouples when printing thin-wall DED parts. In the future, the authors will incorporate infrared thermal camera data from large parts.

The DED process is particularly valuable for near-net shape manufacturing, repair and remanufacturing applications. However, DED parts are often afflicted with flaws, such as cracking and distortion. In DED, flaw formation is largely governed by the intensity and spatial distribution of heat in the part during the process, often referred to as the thermal history. Accordingly, fast and accurate thermal models to predict the thermal history are necessary to understand and preclude flaw formation.

This paper presents a new mesh-free computational thermal modeling approach based on graph theory (network science) and applies it to DED. The approach eschews the tedious and computationally demanding meshing aspect of finite element modeling and allows rapid simulation of the thermal history in additive manufacturing. Although the graph theory has been applied to thermal modeling of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), there are distinct phenomenological differences between DED and LPBF that necessitate substantial modifications to the graph theory approach.

Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) is a rapid prototyping process through which multiple thin layers of material are sequentially ultrasonically welded together to form a finished part. While previous research into the peak temperatures experienced during UAM have been documented, a thorough examination of the heating and cooling curves has not been conducted to date.

For this study, UAM weldments made from aluminum 3003‐H18 tapes with embedded Type‐K thermocouples were examined. Finite element modeling was used to compare the theoretical thermal diffusion rates during heating to the observed heating patterns. A model was used to calculate the effective thermal diffusivity of the UAM build on cooling based on the observed cooling curves and curve fitting analysis.

Embedded thermocouple data revealed simultaneous temperature increases throughout all interfaces of the UAM build directly beneath the sonotrode. Modeling of the heating curves revealed a delay of at least 0.5 seconds should have existed if heating of lower interfaces was a result of thermal diffusion alone. As this is not the case, it was concluded that ultrasonic energy is absorbed and converted to heat at every interface beneath the sonotrode. The calculated thermal diffusivity of the build on cooling was less than 1 percent of the reported values of bulk aluminum, suggesting that voids and oxides along interfaces throughout the build may be inhibiting thermal diffusion through thermal contact resistance across the interface.

This work systematically analyzed the thermal profiles that develop during the UAM process. The simultaneous heating phenomenon presented here has not been documented by other research programs. The findings presented here will enable future researchers to develop more accurate models of the UAM process, potentially leading to improved UAM bond quality.

This purpose of this paper is to report about the temperature distribution in metal and ceramic powder beds during 3D printing. The differing powders are thoroughly characterized in terms of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, emissivity spectra and density.

The temperature distribution was measured in a 3D printing appliance (Prometal R1) with the help of thin thermocouples (0.25 mm diameter) and thermographic imaging. Temperatures at the powder bed surface as well as at differing powder bed depths were determined. The thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and emissivity spectra of the powders were measured as well. Numerical simulation was used to verify the measured temperatures.

The ceramic powder heated up and cooled down more quickly. This finding corresponds well with numerical simulations based on measured values for thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity as well as emissivity spectra. An observed color change at the metal powder has only little effect on emissivity in the relevant wavelength region.

It was found that thermocouple‐based temperature measurements at the powder bed surface are difficult and these results should be considered with caution.

The results give practitioners valuable information about the transient temperature evolution for two widely used but differing powder systems (metal, ceramic). The paramount importance of powder bed porosity for thermal conductivity was verified. Already small differences in thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and hence volumetric heat capacity lead to marked differences in the transient temperature evolution.

The paper combines several techniques such as temperature measurements, spectral emissivity measurements, measurements of thermal conductivity and diffusivity and density measurements. The obtained results are put into a numerical model to check the obtained temperature data and the other measured values for consistency. This approach illustrates that determinations of surface temperatures of the powder beds are difficult.

Appropriate thermal properties of walls can lead to the improvement of the indoor environment of buildings especially in countries with low energy availability such as Burkina Faso. In order to benefit from these advantages, the thermal properties must be properly characterized. This paper investigates the impact of the design of single- and double-layer walls based on compressed Earth blocks (CEB) on the risk of indoor overheating.

First a building has been used as a tool to measure climate data. Then, a software program was used to define an accurate thermal model. Two indices were defined: weighted exceedance hour (WEH) related to the risk of overheating and cyclic thickness (ξ) related to the thermal properties of the walls. The aim is to define the appropriate values of ξ which minimized the WEH. The study also assesses the sensitivity of these thermal properties to occupancy profiles.

The results indicate the arrangements of the thermal properties that can promote comfortable environments. In single-layer wall buildings, ξ = 2.43 and ξ = 3.93 are the most suitable values to minimize WEH for the room occupied during the day and night, respectively. If a double-layer wall is used, ξ = 1.42 and CEB layer inside is the most suitable for the room occupied during the day, while ξ = 2.43 and CEB outside should be preferred in the case of a room with night occupancy profile.

The findings indicate that occupation patterns at room scale should be systematically considered when dealing with wall design in order to improve the thermal comfort.

The paper presents a finite‐difference scheme to solve the transient conjugated heat transfer problem in a concentric annulus with simultaneously developing hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers. The annular forced flow is laminar with constant physical properties. Thermal transient is initiated by a step change in the prescribed isothermal temperature of the inner surface of the inside tube wall while the outer surface of the external tube is kept adiabatic. The effects of solid‐fluid conductivity ratio and diffusivity ratio on the thermal behaviour of the flow have been investigated. Numerical results are presented for a fluid of Pr = 0.7 flowing in an annulus of radius ratio 0.5 with various values of inner and outer solid wall thicknesses.

Results of an Investigation to Determine the Effectiveness of a Bi‐metallic Construction on Four Three‐spar Box Specimens Subjected to Simulated Aerodynamic Heating. The maximum thermal stresses in a stainless steel skin‐web combination subjected to aerodynamic heating may be greatly reduced by the addition of a thin layer of aluminium or copper to the stainless steel web. Such bi‐metallic construction increases the rate of conduction of heat from the structural parts (skins) exposed to the aerodynamic heating to the non‐exposed parts (webs) and consequently this produces a reduction in temperature gradients and thermal stresses. This paper presents the results of an investigation to determine the effectiveness of a bi‐metallic construction on a three‐spar box specimen subjected to simulated aerodynamic heating. The tests confirmed the feasibility of the method and indicated that the theoretical calculations give sufficient accuracy for design studies, provided an estimate of the joint conductance can be made. The method is effective only for relatively low heating rates and shallow wing structures. The work reported in this paper was sponsored by the Aerospace Research Laboratories, Wright‐Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, under project No. 7063, Task 706302.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the heat transfer and flow enhancement of an Al₂O₃-water nanofluid filling an inclined channel whose lower wall is embedded with periodically placed discrete hydrophobic heat sources. Formation of a thin depletion layer of low viscosity over each hydrophobic heated patch leads to the velocity slip and temperature jump condition at the interface of the hydrophobic patch.

The mixed convection of the nanofluid is analysed based on the two-phase non-homogeneous model. The governing equations are solved numerically through a control volume approach. A periodic boundary condition is adopted along the longitudinal direction of the modulated channel. A velocity slip and temperature jump condition are imposed along with the hydrophobic heated stripes. The paper has validated the present non-homogeneous model with existing experimental and numerical results for particular cases. The impact of temperature jump condition and slip velocity on the flow and thermal field of the nanofluid in mixed convection is analysed for a wide range of governing parameters, namely, Reynolds number (50 ≤ Re ≤ 150), Grashof number ( 103≤Gr≤5×104), nanoparticle bulk volume fraction ( 0.01≤φb≤0.05), nanoparticle diameter ( 30≤dp≤60) and the angle of inclination ( −60°≤σ≤60°).

The presence of the thin depletion layer above the heated stripes reduces the heat transfer and augments the volume flow rate. Consideration of the nanofluid as a coolant enhances the rate of heat transfer, as well as the entropy generation and friction factor compared to the clear fluid. However, the rate of increment in heat transfer suppresses by a significant margin of the loss due to enhanced entropy generation and friction factor. Heat transfer performance of the channel diminishes as the channel inclination angle with the horizontal is increased. The paper has also compared the non-homogeneous model with the corresponding homogeneous model. In the non-homogeneous formulation, the nanoparticle distribution is directly affected by the slip conditions by virtue of the no-normal flux of nanoparticles on the slip planes. For this, the slip stripes augment the impact of nanoparticle volume fraction compared to the no-slip case.

This paper finds that the periodically arranged hydrophobic heat sources on the lower wall of the channel create a significant augmentation in the volume flow rate, which may be crucial to augment the transport process in mini- or micro-channels. This type of configuration has not been addressed in the existing literature.

The purpose of this study is, to compare laser-based additive manufacturing and subtractive methods. Laser-based manufacturing is a widely used, noncontact, advanced manufacturing technique, which can be applied to a very wide range of materials, with particular emphasis on metals. In this paper, the governing principles of both laser-based subtractive of metals (LB-SM) and laser-based powder bed fusion (LB-PBF) of metallic materials are discussed and evaluated in terms of performance and capabilities. Using the principles of both laser-based methods, some new potential hybrid additive manufacturing options are discussed.

Production characteristics, such as surface quality, dimensional accuracy, material range, mechanical properties and applications, are reviewed and discussed. The process parameters for both LB-PBF and LB-SM were identified, and different factors that caused defects in both processes are explored. Advantages, disadvantages and limitations are explained and analyzed to shed light on the process selection for both additive and subtractive processes.

The performance of subtractive and additive processes is highly related to the material properties, such as diffusivity, reflectivity, thermal conductivity as well as laser parameters. LB-PBF has more influential factors affecting the quality of produced parts and is a more complex process. Both LB-SM and LB-PBF are flexible manufacturing methods that can be applied to a wide range of materials; however, they both suffer from low energy efficiency and production rate. These may be useful when producing highly innovative parts detailed, hollow products, such as medical implants.

This paper reviews the literature for both LB-PBF and LB-SM; nevertheless, the main contributions of this paper are twofold. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is one of the first to discuss the effect of the production process (both additive and subtractive) on the quality of the produced components. Also, some options for the hybrid capability of both LB-PBF and LB-SM are suggested to produce complex components with the desired macro- and microscale features.