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The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of supervision on banking risk to determine whether prudential measures taken especially after financial crises are effective in limiting banking risks.

The empirical study focused on 210 annual reports of almost all Tunisian banks during the 2010–2019 period. Banking supervision effectiveness is measured by enforcement outputs (i.e. on-site audits and sanctions). The generalized least squares method of multivariate analysis was used to analyze this study.

The results show that supervision set up and on-site audits reduce bank risk, while the relationship between sanctions and risk appears to be non-significant. The results still hold after robustness tests by changing the bank's risk-taking indicators.

This study has important implications for managers and investors in the Tunisian context. In particular, the findings provide microevidence for the impact of supervision in Tunisian banks to reduce their risk-taking. The empirical results have important implications for the decision-making of bank managers and regulators in Tunisia as well as for relevant actors in similar emerging economies.

This study extends the previous literature on supervision by examining the relationship between supervision and banking risk in an emerging country, which has been little explored, Tunisia in particular. Furthermore, this study examines whether supervision reduces risk borne by Tunisian banks, and to the best of the researchers' knowledge, it is one of the pioneering studies of supervision in the Tunisian market. This latter market has different economic, political and social attributes compared to developed countries. So, this paper helps to clarify the impact of supervision enforcement and macroprudential policies. In addition, this paper strongly contributes to the various stakeholders “understanding of the importance and implication of supervision practices. However, since banks tend not to reduce their participation in risky activities to seek higher profits, supervisory policymakers and practitioners should also take a closer look at the composition of banks” investment portfolios to reduce moral hazard and regulatory arbitrage behavior. Empirically, the authors measure supervision by on-site audits and sanctions and examine how they affect bank risk level, which was never approached in Tunisia.

The growing volume of trade misinvoicing in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) calls for serious concern, particularly given its effect on macroeconomic fundamentals. Despite the growing body of literature on the growth effect of trade misinvoicing, empirical evidence on the role of governance in moderating the effect is quite scarce, particularly for SSA. The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the growth effect of trade misinvoicing in SSA as well as the moderating role of governance in this regard.

The feasible generalised least square estimator was applied to analyse relevant data, spanning 2009–2018, of 35 SSA countries. Governance indicators were classified into economic, political and institutional governance, and their individual role in moderating the nexus between trade misinvoicing and economic growth was explored.

This paper showed the presence of cross-sectional dependence among SSA countries and long-run convergence of the estimated variables. The empirical finding showed that trade misinvoicing has a negative growth effect in the selected SSA countries, but both economic and political governance are crucial in lowering the observed negative growth effect.

To curtail trade misinvoicing, SSA policymakers should go beyond just designing anti-money laundering policies to effectively implementing the policies for improved growth prospects. More so, the government of each SSA country must devise means of strengthening governance and building effective, accountable and transparent institutional frameworks that will constantly check and discourage trade misinvoicing activities.

The originality of this paper stems from its novel assessment of the role governance plays in moderating the growth effect of trade misinvoicing in SSA using the feasible generalised least square estimator. It also details the strategies needed to effectively tackle trade misinvoicing.

The study evaluated the introduction of naltrexone in an Australian prison system for imprisoned male heroin users. Treatment outcomes were analysed for two sub‐samples taken from an unsuccessful randomised controlled trial. The first sample comprised 68 participants who were randomly allocated to naltrexone treatment. The second sample comprised 47 participants who commenced opioid pharmacotherapy during the study period. Thirteen per cent of subjects started naltrexone, with only 7% retained in treatment at six months. Six‐month retention was significantly lower in naltrexone compared to methadone (p = 0.0007). Poor patient acceptability and retention did not support oral naltrexone maintenance in this treatment group.

In this chapter, the reality of Bolivia's current situation is presented, including details regarding the country's political, economic and environmental context. Then, alternate possible future scenarios are presented, developed by four different types of stakeholders in Bolivian society during four workshops that produced various suggestions on how to recover from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic using a sustainable approach.

Several findings are incorporated into these scenarios, including potential risks, public policy recommendations and structural changes required to attain the best possible post-pandemic scenario for Bolivia, including the achievement of several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from the 2030 Agenda, especially SDGs 8, 13 and 17.

The materials included in this column were selected on the basis of an item by item review of all government publications received at a major depository library. Emphasis is placed on tools of a reference format, although much else that the Federal government publishes is otherwise of high referral value. Publications not in a reference format, in the strictest sense, are included when their potential value dictates; brief entries for “how to” items and informative pamphlets are also given if deemed potentially useful, particularly for school and public libraries and wherever the identification of vertical file materials is the responsibility of the public service librarian. Documents librarian's shorthand has been used in the bibliographical citations. Wherever possible, “United States” has been understood rather than stated in the corporate entries; also, the GPO imprint and place have been dropped. All items unless otherwise indicated are available from the Superintendent of Documents at the prices given. Prices which do not appear were not available at the date of review.

The purpose of this paper is to report the problems which the library management at the National Institute for Nigerian Languages (NINLAN) encounter in accessing and utilizing library intervention money from the Education Trust Fund (ETF) in Nigeria.

The paper discusses problems experienced by NINLAN Library, including: inadequate period specified for retirement of utilized funds, delay in securing approval for new projects, effort of some members of committees to influence award of contracts, and absence of librarians in most ETF project committees.

The management of NINLAN Library, educational institutions in Nigeria and ETF, should be proactive in planning for development programmes, and articulating projects to be funded by the ETF. There should be clear guidelines for accessing, utilizing and retiring the funds approved for different projects.

The paper offers suggestions to alleviate the problems. These include increasing in the allocation of library intervention funds, extending the period for utilization and retirement of project funds, and inclusion of librarians in various committees for library intervention projects.

The struggle against torture and institutional violence has to be practiced in numerous scenarios: in the very places of deprivation of liberty, against workers, administrations and judges who try to hide it or justify it, but also, it’s a struggle against an academy that, too often, has decided to look the other way. In order to be activist, criminology must leave the classroom and enter the places of deprivation of liberty. It must engage with victims and survivors and it has to make political and social denunciations, organising itself and weaving networks with other social organisations that fight for the same goal. Unfortunately, it also has to fight against the very obstacles that the criminal justice system institutions pose; the denunciations and persecution of these same institutions and some police and prison workers groups and unions; the dirty war against terrorism and political dissent; and the criminalisation of some mass media and also of the academic world, where activism against this phenomenon is a minority and marginalised. These two sides of the same coin, involvement in anti-torture activist movements, as well as persecution and criminalisation when challenging state power, is what the authors of this chapter have experienced in Catalonia and Spain. While we fight against torture outside the classroom, we also carry out activism inside the classroom, teaching what other academics do not want to engage with, and pointing out the political elements of criminology and the action of the penal system. In this chapter, the authors highlight the use of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in custody and prison, and in the context of police activity in Spain. Then, the authors explain the structures of denial (political, judicial and academic) that allow its perpetuation and impunity. The text ends with a journey through the configuration of activist criminology in Spain that unites critical analysis from a legal sociology perspective with collective and activist intervention.

The financial market offers an intricate laboratory for the study of consumer behavior. One area that has received little attention in the finance literature and that could benefit from insights from consumer behavior research is the relationship between gender and consumer investment preferences and practices. The primary goal of the present study is to explore the influence of consumers' gender on their investment behavior. The study examines the investment strategies of male and female investors using psychometric measures and self‐reporting of investment behavior.

This research examines the long-run relationship between microfinancial inclusion and poverty alleviation in Nigeria from 1990 to 2018.

the Engle–Granger two-step co-integration and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) techniques. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita proxies poverty reduction. Number of microfinance banks, borrowers of microfinance institutions, commercial bank branches, commercial bank loan to small-scale businesses and broad money supply ratio measure microfinancial inclusion.

The results indicate a long-run relationship between microfinancial inclusion and poverty reduction. The error correction model reveals that microfinancial inclusion and poverty alleviation converge to long-run equilibrium. The number of microfinance banks, lagged value of borrowed funds and broad money supply negatively influences poverty while the lagged values of number of microfinance banks and broad money supply positively influence poverty.

Effective ways to improve microcredit channels and liquidity flow to the poor through a microfinance bank's intermediation should be promoted by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) using an aggressive policy, which provides access to credit to the poor.

Theoretically, microfinance institutions should increase credit to the poor, especially in rural areas at moderate cost. This study further suggests that many microfinance bank branches should be located in urban and rural areas targeting the poor.

Microfinancial inclusion reduces population's poverty in Nigeria and globally.

Contrary to other studies, this paper utilizes number of microfinance institutions and borrowers of microfinance institutions to examine the relationship between microfinancial inclusion and poverty alleviation in Nigeria.

One of the most pervasive economic crimes in the world today is money laundering. It has been estimated that some $2 to $3.6 trillion of hot money is laundered through the financial market each year. Such huge amounts of money cannot be successfully laundered without the involvement of financial intermediaries (such as bankers and lawyers) who used their expertise to conceal and obscure illegal activity. However, broader accounts of the role of financial intermediaries in corrupt practices are relatively scarce. The purpose of this paper is to examine some predatory activities of financial intermediaries in facilitating money laundering practices in Nigeria.

The paper locates the role of financial intermediaries within the sociological theory of profession to argue that these professionals facilitate money laundering despite their professional and ethical claims. The paper uses publicly available evidence to illuminate the role played by financial intermediaries in elite money laundering.

The evidence shows that, in pursuit of organisational and personal interest, the financial intermediaries create enabling structures that support illicit activities of political and economic elite in Nigeria. The paper concludes that the establishment of money laundering laws and the creation of anti‐money laundering agencies had not brought about professional transparency and ethical conduct.

The paper therefore suggests that Nigeria needs to reform its financial institutions to promote integrity, accountability and ethical professional conduct to curb money laundering and to build trust in the Nigerian financial system.

The social, economic and political effects of financial intermediaries' anti‐social practices are significant as huge amounts, often dwarfing the gross domestic product (GDP) of many nation states, are involved. These questionable practices by financial intermediaries increase profits, but harm citizens.

The paper is a general review of literature and evidence on contemporary issues.