Search results

The purpose of this paper is to produce and investigate the interfacial reaction between Sn‐3.0Ag‐0.5Cu (SAC305) thin films and Cu substrates by solder reflow at various temperatures and times.

SAC305 thin films were deposited on copper substrates using a thermal evaporation technique. The as‐deposited SAC305/Cu was then reflowed on a hot plate at temperatures of 230, 240, 250 and 260°C for 30 s. In addition, solder reflow was conducted at a constant temperature of 230°C for 5, 10, 15 and 20 s. The microstructure, phase and thickness of the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) formed were determined after cross‐sectional metallographic preparation.

Cu₆Sn₅ and Cu₃Sn were observed at the as‐reflowed SAC305/Cu interfacial region. The IMC thicknesses increased with the higher reflow temperature and longer reflow times.

Up to now, studies on the thin film characteristics of SAC305 lead‐free solder have been very limited. Thus, this paper presents the deposition of SAC305 thin film by a thermal evaporation technique and its characteristics after solder reflow.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the corrosion behaviors of SAC305 thin film solder alloy in 6 M KOH solution.

The corrosion behavior of bare Cu, as-deposited SAC305/Cu and as-reflowed SAC305/Cu thin films at varying temperatures, was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization in a 6 M KOH solution. The microstructure, phase and thickness of the intermetallic compounds formed were determined before and after polarization.

Bare Cu was found to possess the best corrosion resistance, whereas the as-deposited SAC305/Cu had the lowest corrosion resistance. As-reflowed SAC305/Cu with an exposed Cu₃Sn layer exhibited better corrosion resistance than did Cu₆Sn₅. The Ag₃Sn phase has the noblest characteristic because it was retained and did not dissolve in the KOH solution. All of the samples contained the corrosion products of oxide. Bare Cu obeys the well-known duplex structure of a Cu₂O/CuO, Cu(OH)₂ layer. For as-reflowed SAC305/Cu, the corroded surface was also mainly composed of SnO and SnO₂.

New analysis on the polarization of thin film characteristics of SAC305 lead-free solder in alkaline solution.

This paper aims to test the predictability of the three asset classes, namely direct property, bond and property stocks in Singapore.

Using the generalized method of moment (GMM) estimation methodology, the authors first estimate the excess returns of assets on five instrumental variables and a constant term. Next the common risk factors are tested in three parts involving different portfolio of sample assets.

The empirical results shows that there are at most three common risk factors that can be used to predict the excess returns of six asset classes, that include four direct property assets, bonds and property stocks. The results also indicate that there are separate common risk premia that are priced in property stock and direct property markets, which indirectly reject the hypothesis that the two property markets are integrated.

The empirical results that reject the market integration between property and property stock markets imply that there are significant diversification benefits for holding both assets in investors' portfolios. The two property assets capture different risk premia in the markets.

The GMM specifications that include five instrumental variables may not fully capture all risk information. Omission of other variables is, however, traded‐off against the parsimony of the model specification. More independent variables could be included in the future studies, and more asset classes could also be added to the tests.

The study provides alternative evidence to the test of market integration between property and property stocks in Singapore. It also verifies the earlier study in the USA that property and stock market effects could be separately priced by the market.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the predictive role of manager emotional intelligence (MEI) with regard to emotional labor efforts and outcomes relationships. Testing evaluated the influence of MEI on the effects of emotional labor activities employed by subordinates (e.g. surface and active deep acting).

Relationships were examined between the emotional labor efforts employed by subordinates and their levels of depressed mood, as well as the supervisory leaders’ evaluations of the subordinates’ emotional performance resulting indirectly and directly from the emotional labor activities. Specifically, hypotheses that MEI will influence the performance of emotional labor and the effects of such activities on depressed mood and emotional performance were tested.

Findings indicate that MEI moderates the impact of depressed mood on emotional performance.

This research adds to the emotional intelligence literature and enhances practical understanding of how organizations dependent on relationship-oriented, successful customer care can sponsor employee actions that facilitate results.

The International Valuations Standards Committee adopts the Capital Asset Pricing Model as a method for estimation of the cost of equity. It has several drawbacks and appraisers in emerging markets need more useful model for cost of equity estimation. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

The proposed model is a modification of the Salomon Smith Barney model for cost of capital determination. The econometric part of the model incorporates the non-synchronous effect, the thin trading effect, the time varying risk nature, and the systematic country risk.

The model estimates the cost of equity of Bulgarian REITs more accurate than the one, who uses the traditional β estimation.

The study provides appraisers, business consultants, and investment bankers with a consistent model for cost of equity estimation. The model incorporates most of the features of emerging markets REITs return series and avoids the weaknesses of the single-factor model for cost of equity estimation in emerging markets.

The proposed model reflects the following characteristics: the degree of diversification of the particular investor (imperfectly diversified); country risk; and time-varying risk nature. The political risk is incorporated by more objective measure of the systematic country risk.

What distinguishes digital transformation from other traditional IT transformations is its involvement of the entire organization, rather than merely the IT department. Thus, instead of taking a perspective that is confined to the IT department, this paper studies the ambidextrous nature of digital transformation (DT) from the standpoint of the whole firm. The authors define DT ambidexterity as the capability to utilize digital technology to simultaneously improve the efficiency of existing businesses (DT exploitation) and to promote business growth (DT exploration).

Using annual reports of Chinese firms as a mining material, this paper deploys text mining and word frequency analysis to develop a data set of digital transformation to construct DT exploitation, DT exploration and DT ambidexterity, so that the authors can examine and compare their impact on business performance.

This study's statistics show that observations in this research sample mainly manifest DT ambidexterity and DT exploitation, while DT exploration makes up the smallest proportion. The authors find that DT exploitation, DT exploration, and DT ambidexterity have positive, yet heterogeneous effects on business performance.

This study expands the existing literature of IT-related ambidexterity by examining the ambidextrous nature of DT from the angle of company-wide strategy instead of the perspective from IT-department and expands the extant literature of digital transformation by examining the heterogeneous effects of its different components on business performance. The authors also add to the digital strategizing literature by showing that different business strategy goals can be attained through different stages of DT.

This study expands the existing literature of IT-related ambidexterity by examining the ambidexterity nature of DT from the angle of company-wide strategy instead of the perspective from IT department and expands the extant literature of digital transformation by examining the heterogeneous effects of its different components on business performance. The authors also add to the digital strategizing literature by showing that different business strategy goals can be attained through different stages of DT.

This study aims to explore e-wallet continuance intention in Malaysia using perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEU), perceived risk (PR) and perceived security (PS). Additional emphasis is placed on the degree of necessity of risk and security conditions driving the continuance intention to use e-wallets.

This quantitative study used a sample of 281 respondents. Partial least-squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the associations, while necessary condition analysis (NCA) was performed to uncover the factors’ necessity level.

PU is the primary facilitator for the continuance intention of e-wallet usage, followed by PS, PR and PEU. However, none were necessary for usage. E-wallet providers must emphasise enhancing PU, prioritise data security and improve the PEU to foster sustained e-wallet usage, while prudent risk management is a nice-to-have.

To maintain the survival of e-wallets, service providers must focus on prioritising PEU, PU and PS for positive user experiences, including contentment, utility, convenience, comfort and safety. Compliance with user authorisation, real-time transaction monitoring and comprehensive security protocols is a must for security concerns.

This study represents the limited empirical research focusing on risk and security in the continuance intention of e-wallet usage. Furthermore, an NCA was performed to determine the essential circumstances of risk and security for the continuance intention of e-wallets.

This chapter seeks to investigate the role of student emotional intelligence (EI) in countering in-class cyberloafing behaviour by students, by exploring the mediating role of boredom proneness through a quantitative approach. A sample of 163 postgraduate university students in India was selected. The authors assessed the mediation model using PROCESS macro. The authors found that students who are more aware of their emotions are better equipped to handle internal and external distractions and work towards a desired goal or outcome and therefore are less likely to experience boredom. Results from this study revealed a significant direct and indirect negative relationship between students’ EI and cyberloafing behaviour. This chapter contributes to the body of literature by highlighting the positive effects of EI as an important antidote to student cyberloafing behaviour. On the practical front, the findings of this study can be used by academicians who are charged with the responsibility of understanding and enhancing student learning by diminishing cyberloafing behaviour among them. The proposed framework could provide a foundation for countering cyberloafing behaviour in educational settings.

The purpose of this study is to examine the indirect impact of job demands on recovery self-efficacy via the mediation of job burnout. The study also investigates the moderating effects of school-to-work facilitation and psychological detachment in the indirect relationship between job demands and recovery self-efficacy.

The study recruited and surveyed 263 employed graduate students in the executive master of business administration program in Taiwan. Regression analysis was used to examine the proposed relationships.

The results showed that job burnout mediated the relationship between job demands and recovery self-efficacy. The relationship was weaker when school-to-work facilitation and psychological detachment were high.

This study confirms the indirect effects of job demands on recover self-efficacy through job burnout and provides new insights into the role of school-to-work facilitation and psychological detachment to enhance the recovery in the JD-R model.

This paper presents a generic simulation model to determine the equipment mix (quay, yard and intra-terminal transfer) for a Container Terminal Logistics Operations System (CTLOS). The simulation model for the CTLOS, a typical type of discrete event dynamic system (DEDS), consists of three sub-models: ship queue, loading-unloading operations and yard-gate operations. The simulation model is empirically applied to phase 1 of the Yangshan Deep Water Port in Shanghai. This study considers different scenarios in terms of container throughput levels, equipment utilization rates, and operational bottlenecks, and presents a sensitivity analysis to evaluate and choose reasonable equipment ratio ranges under different operational conditions.