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The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the institutions play a role in tourism development and international recognition, specifically the influence of marketization on the international tourists’ inbound arrivals in different Chinese provinces.

This paper constructs a demand model of tourism and empirically analyzes the relationship between marketization and inbound tourism demand with the panel data of the provinces of China and NERI Index of Marketization.

Marketization does have an influence on inbound tourism demand of China. Specially, the relationship between government and market, the development of product market, the market intermediary organizations and the legal system environment can increase the demand of the foreign tourists to visit China, although the magnitudes are different.

This paper argues that the qualities of marketization intuitions are important in increasing inbound tourism, given that it can bring better tourism experience and improve the international recognition. Strengthening the legislation and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of consumers can attract more international travelers to China. Market distribution of competitive economic resources, reducing political intervention into corporate activities and relieving tax burdens of enterprises can improve the competitiveness and the service qualities of Chinese domestic tourism firms.

This paper leads the discussions of institutions and tourism. It combines the consumer theory and uses static and dynamic panel data models to analyze the influencing factors of Chinese tourism. It argues that Chinese inbound tourism shall develop with the systemic marketization progress in China.

This study aims to present a holistic synopsis of the current scientific structure of inbound tourism research and suggest further research directions.

A 30-year bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection database through CiteSpace, covering 568 Social Sciences Citation Index articles.

This study systematically identifies the evolution of scientific structures and emerging research trends in the inbound tourism field. The findings show that: co-authorship patterns reveal a trend of international cooperation; the evolution of research themes is consistent with the development of the macro-environment and inbound tourism industry, the most recent focus being on sustainable development of destinations; varied multivariate data analysis methods dominate current empirical analysis; there exist three major research dimensions in the inbound tourism field; and unilateral political factors in destinations and bilateral linkage factors affecting inbound tourism demand have aroused research interest increasingly.

This study helps scholars and practitioners understand the current issues and needs of the inbound tourism industry and develops a future research agenda to promote the industry’s continuous development.

This study is the first attempt to provide insights into the theoretical development of inbound tourism over the past three decades from the perspective of a knowledge-based platform and further facilitate sustainable development of the industry.

本篇论文旨在全面地梳理入境旅游研究的整体知识架构, 进而提出未来研究方向。

本篇论文基于文献计量法, 运用CiteSpace对从Web of Science Core Collection数据库中检索得到的30年间568篇社会科学引文索引文献进行分析。

本篇论文系统地梳理了入境旅游领域知识架构的演化和新兴研究趋势, 填补了现有研究空白。结果揭示：（1）作者协作模式展现出国际化合作趋势; （2）入境旅游领域研究主题的演化趋势与宏观环境和国际旅游的发展阶段相吻合, 并且目的地可持续发展的研究成为热点; （3）目前实证分析主要采用各种多元数据分析方法; （4）入境旅游领域的研究可以归纳为三个主要研究方向; （5）单边政治因素和国家双边联系因素对入境旅游需求的影响逐渐成为近年研究热点。

本篇论文提出了未来研究方向, 有助于学界和业界人士掌握入境旅游产业的现状和需要, 从而推动该产业的可持续发展。

本篇论文首次从知识平台视角出发, 揭示了过去三十年间入境旅游的理论发展情况。

关键词 入境旅游, 文献计量法, 知识架构, 知识平台, 未来研究方向, CiteSpace

文章类型 ：研究型论文

El objetivo de este estudio es presentar una sinopsis holística de la actual estructura científica de la investigación turística entrante y sugerir nuevas direcciones de investigación.

Se condujo un análisis bibliométrico de 30 años utilizando la base de datos de recopilación de datos de la red de ciencias básicas a través de CiteSpace, que abarcó 568 artículos del Índice de Citación de Ciencias Sociales.

Este estudio identifica sistemáticamente la evolución de estructuras científicas y las tendencias de investigación emergentes en el campo del turismo entrante. Las conclusiones muestran que: i) las pautas de coautoría han revelado una tendencia a la cooperación internacional; ii) la evolución de los temas de investigación es coherente con el desarrollo del macro-entorno y de la industria del turismo entrante, centrándose más recientemente en el desarrollo sostenible de los destinos; iii) los diversos métodos de análisis de datos multivariados predominan en el análisis empírico actual; iv) existen tres grandes dimensiones de investigación en el ámbito del turismo entrante; y v) los factores políticos unilaterales en los destinos y los factores de vinculación bilateral que afectan a la demanda turística entrante han despertado un interés cada vez mayor a la investigación.

Este estudio ayuda a los académicos y los profesionales a entender problemas y necesidades actuales de la industria turística entrante y desarrollar una futura guía de investigación para fomentar el desarrollo continuo de la industria.

Este estudio es el primer intento de proporcionar información sobre el desarrollo teórico del turismo entrante en las últimas tres décadas, desde la perspectiva de la plataforma basada en un conocimiento y facilitar aún más el desarrollo sostenible de la industria.

Turismo entrante, Bibliométrica, Estructura científica, Plataforma basada en el conocimiento, Agenda de investigación futura, CiteSpace

Revisión bibliográfica

Accurate foreign tourist arrivals forecasting can help public and private sectors to formulate scientific tourism planning and improve the allocation efficiency of tourism resources. This paper aims to address the problem of low prediction accuracy of Chinese inbound tourism demand caused by the lack of valid historical data.

A novel hybrid Chinese inbound tourism demand forecasting model combining fractional non-homogenous discrete grey model and firefly algorithm is constructed. In the proposed model, all adjustable parameters of the fractional non-homogenous discrete grey model are optimized simultaneously by the firefly algorithm.

The data sets of annual foreign tourist arrivals to China are used to verify the validity of the proposed model. Experimental results show that the proposed method is effective and can be used as a useful predictor for the prediction of Chinese inbound tourism demand.

The method proposed in this paper is effective and can be used as a feasible approach for forecasting the development trend of Chinese inbound tourism.

This study investigates if the causal relationships between the exchange rates and selected inbound markets’ tourism demand are temporary or permanent, and compares market reactions in Türkiye.

Tourism demand is examined with a regional approach, focusing on the geographical markets, namely Europe, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) members and Asian countries, as the top inbound tourism markets, in addition to the total number of inbound tourists to Türkiye. Granger, frequency-domain causality, asymmetric Toda–Yamamoto, and asymmetric frequency-domain causality tests were employed to investigate and compare markets on exchange rate–tourism demand relationship for 2008M01-2020M02.

The results indicate that exchange rates affect European tourism demand both in the short and long run. The meaning of this Frequency Domain Causality (FDC) analysis finding shows that the exchange rate has both permanent and temporary effects on European tourists. The relationships are statistically insignificant for CIS members and Asian countries. The exchange rates also permanently affect total inbound tourism demand, but the independent variable has no short-run (temporary) effects on total demand. Asymmetric causality tests confirmed a permanent causality relationship from the positive and negative components of exchange rates to the positive and negative components of European and total tourism demand.

The Granger causality test provides information on the presence of a causal relation, while the FDC test, an extended version of Granger causality, enlightens the short- (temporary) and long-run (permanent) relationships and allows for analyzing the duration of the impact. In addition, asymmetric causality relationships are also investigated in the study. Besides, this study is the first in the literature to examine the relationship between tourism demand and the exchange rate regionally (continentally) for Türkiye.

By using a wide range of macro and micro factors, this paper aims to provide a new assessment of the recent literature on inbound tourism demand models.

This study examines the determinants and spatial effects of inbound tourism using Hausman–Taylor and spatial econometric models.

Several important factors were identified, including local economic growth, openness to the outside world, regional size, geographic distance, foreign direct investment, level of innovation and average annual temperature. In addition, the study found strong cross-city competition effects on tourism resource endowment and hotel infrastructure.

Inbound tourism is a crucial link in achieving high-quality economic development. However, previous studies have mainly focused on the analysis of single influencing factors, ignoring the spatial spillover effects of factors.

The chapter aims to examine the interrelationships between aviation and Asian inbound tourism demand to Australia. First, the chapter introduces key factors in the economics of tourism demand and the empirical work in assessing the aviation–tourism demand relations. Based on 2005–2016 annual time series data across 12 of Australia’s main Asian markets, a dynamic panel regression model is applied to empirically examine the factors influencing tourism demand including exchange rates and disposable income. Using a generalized method of moments approach, the study accounts for the endogenous relations between levels of international air services availability (proxied by seat capacity) and tourism demand. The results suggest, on average, the generative effect of aviation exists albeit with small magnitude (0.1–0.5% increase in tourism demand per 100,000 additional seat capacity). The chapter concludes with a discussion on the shifting inbound tourism balance toward Asia and the implications for aviation policy to meet the high Asian tourism growth targets.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the core factors that determine tourism demand in four inbound markets of Hong Kong.

The general-to-specific approach was adopted as a step-by-step approach to identify the major determinants of tourism demand in Hong Kong.

The study revealed word of mouth and income of source market are core determinants of tourism demand in all four inbound markets.

Knowledge of core determinants of tourism demand is useful to destination management organizations and tourism business owners for strategic planning and decision making to increase total revenues.

The main purpose of the present research is to explore the possible effectiveness of information and communication technology (ICT), infrastructure development, exchange rate and governance on inbound tourism demand using time series data in India.

The stationarity of the variables is checked by using the ADF, PP and KPSS unit root tests. The paper uses the Bayer-Hanck and auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration to examine the existence of long-run relationships; the error-correction mechanism for the short-run dynamics and the vector error correction method (VECM) to test the direction of causality.

The findings of the research indicate the presence of cointegration among the variables. Further, long-run results indicate infrastructure development, word-of-mouth and ICT have a positive and significant linkage with international tourist arrivals in India. However, ICT has a positive and significant effect on tourist arrivals in the short run as well. The VECM results indicate long-run unidirectional causality from infrastructure, ICT, governance and exchange rate to tourist arrivals.

This study implies that inbound tourism demand in India can be augmented by improving infrastructure, governance quality and ICT penetration. For an emerging country like India, this may have far-reaching implications for sustaining and improving tourism sector growth.

This paper is the first of its kind to empirically examine the impact of ICT, infrastructure and governance quality in India using modern econometric techniques. Inbound tourism demand research aids government and policymakers in developing effective public policies that would reposition India to gain from a highly competitive global tourism industry.

In this paper, the authors investigate the inbound tourism demand elasticities of the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries. The authors emphasize the role of external and internal conflicts, world gross domestic product and relative prices over the period 1995–2017.

This study applies the heterogeneous panel data estimators based on the fully modified-OLS (FM-OLS), dynamic-OLS (DOLS) and the recently developed method of moments quantile regression (MMQR).

The empirical results indicate that the effect of external and internal conflicts on inbound tourism demand is negative and inelastic with external conflict having a stronger effect. The effect of both classifications of conflicts diminishes as the market share of the tourist destination increases. In addition, the role of the world GDP on tourism demand is positive and elastic, suggesting that tourism is a luxury good while an increase in relative prices diminishes inbound tourism demand.

The paper, therefore, concludes that if policy measures are not put in place to curtail incidences of conflicts, economic growth in these countries may suffer setbacks. This by implications could affect the attainment of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) targets.

This study analyzes the impact of exchange rate volatility (ERV) on inbound tourist arrivals from four ASEAN countries namely Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand during 1970–2017. Volatility in the exchange rates between the tourist currency and ringgit Malaysia is measured using the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity model. The results from Autoregressive Distributed Lagged models indicate that ERV has no significant impact on tourist arrivals from ASEAN to Malaysia. This implies that tourists from these countries may not be sensitive to ERV when choosing Malaysia as their travel destination. There are two possible explanations for the results. First, Malaysian ringgit has been depreciating against major currencies and regional currencies in recent years, which makes ringgit relatively cheaper than other ASEAN currencies. Second, the empirical results of the study support the argument that ERV has a more serious impact on tourist spending compared to tourist arrivals.