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Gives introductory remarks about chapter 1 of this group of 31 papers, from ISEF 1999 Proceedings, in the methodologies for field analysis, in the electromagnetic community. Observes that computer package implementation theory contributes to clarification. Discusses the areas covered by some of the papers ‐ such as artificial intelligence using fuzzy logic. Includes applications such as permanent magnets and looks at eddy current problems. States the finite element method is currently the most popular method used for field computation. Closes by pointing out the amalgam of topics.

This paper deals with coupled electromagnetic, hydrodynamic and mechanical motion phenomena in magnetorheological fluid brakes. The governing equations of these phenomena are presented. The numerical implementation of the mathematical model is based on the finite element method and a step‐by‐step algorithm. A computer program based on this algorithm was used to simulate the transients in a prototype of magnetorheological brake. The results of the calculations and measurements are presented.

Deals with coupled electromagnetic, hydrodynamic, thermodynamic and mechanical motion phenomena in magnetorheological fluid brake. Presents the governing equations of these phenomena. The numerical implementation of the mathematical model is based on the finite element method and a step‐by‐step algorithm. In order to include non‐linearity, the Newton‐Raphson process has been adopted. The method has been successfully adapted to the analysis of the coupled phenomena in the magnetorheological fluid brake. Present the results of the analysis and measurements.

The purpose of this paper is to study an electromagnetic (EM) wiping process based on the EM brake (EMB) principle for hot‐dip galvanizing lines. This EMB system must act complementary to a classical air wiping system for higher drag out velocities for which the only air wiping system is no more sufficient.

At first, the basic phenomena of the braking of a liquid driven by an upcoming strip thanks to a DC magnetic field are analyzed with a simplified analytical model. This model shows the influence of different relevant parameters such as the magnetic field intensity or the strip upcoming velocity. Then, a 2D numeric finite elements model coupling the EMs, the fluid mechanics and a deformed mesh technique is set up and shows clearly the braking effect on the liquid zinc. At last, some first results of a 3D extension of the former 2D model are shown, mainly concerning the end effects on the edge of the strip. This EM wipe effect has been experimentally demonstrated in a prototype hot‐dip galvanizing line.

The paper shows the possibility of controlling the thickness of a liquid zinc layer thanks to a DC magnetic field produced by high‐intensity permanent magnets.

Such an innovative way of wiping liquid zinc thanks to a DC magnetic field is able to wipe liquid zinc excess and control the liquid layer thickness with a low electric losses level. This is a major advantage compared with other known wiping techniques such as high‐frequency pin‐shaped inductors which may imply an overheating of the liquid zinc.

Discusses the 27 papers in ISEF 1999 Proceedings on the subject of electromagnetisms. States the groups of papers cover such subjects within the discipline as: induction machines; reluctance motors; PM motors; transformers and reactors; and special problems and applications. Debates all of these in great detail and itemizes each with greater in‐depth discussion of the various technical applications and areas. Concludes that the recommendations made should be adhered to.

This paper gives a review of the finite element techniques (FE) applied in the analysis and design of machine elements; bolts and screws, belts and chains, springs and dampers, brakes, gears, bearings, gaskets and seals are handled. The range of applications of finite elements on these subjects is extremely wide and cannot be presented in a single paper; therefore the aim of this paper is to give FE researchers/users only an encyclopaedic view of the different possibilities that exist today in the various fields mentioned above. An Appendix included at the end of the paper presents a bibliography on finite element applications in the analysis/design of machine elements for 1977‐1997.

This study aims to learn the dynamic radar cross-section (RCS) of a deflection air brake.

The aircraft model with delta wing, V-shaped tail and blended wing body is designed, and high-precision unstructured grid technology is used to deal with the surface of air brake and fuselage. The calculation method based on multiple tracking and dynamic scattering is presented to calculate RCS.

The fuselage has a low scattering level, and the opening air brake will bring obvious dynamic RCS effects to itself and the whole machine. The average indicator of air brake RCS can be lower than –0.6 dBm² under the tail azimuth, while that of forward and lateral direction is lower. The mean RCS of fuselage is obviously higher than that of air brake, while the deflected air brake and its cabin can still provide strong scattering sources at some azimuths. When the air brake is opening, the change amplitude of the aircraft forward RCS can exceed 19.81 dBm².

This research has practical significance for the dynamic electromagnetic scattering analysis and stealth design of the air brake.

The calculation method for aircraft RCS considering air brake dynamic deflection has been established.

To effectively control the molten steel flow and the stability of free surface in continuous casting mould, this paper aims to propose a new type electromagnetic brake technique, namely, vertical electromagnetic brake (V-EMBr). Its brake effect under special processing parameters such as submerged entry nozzle (SEN) depth and port angle is evaluated by the numerical simulation methods.

A couple three-dimensional mathematical model of fluid flow and static magnetic field was developed to investigate the behaviour of molten steel flow and steel/slag interface in the continuous casting mould, and a volume of fluid model is used to track the interfacial behaviour of molten steel and liquid slag by solving the continuity equation of the phase volume fraction.

The simulation results showed that the application of V-EMBr can significantly reduce the flow intensity in upper recirculation zone and decrease the meniscus height and the flow velocity of molten steel in the vicinity of narrow side of mould, which is beneficial to reduce the possibility of mould flux entrapment. Especially, the brake effect of V-EMBr has a little affected by the SEN depth and port angle, which is helpful for V-EMBr to better adapt the actual continuous casting process.

Compared to the conventional-level EMBr, the new proposed V-EMBr has the advantage to effectively control the molten steel flow and steel/slag interfacial fluctuation in the vicinity of narrow side of mould with a pair of magnetic fields, and its brake effect is less affected by the changes in continuous casting processing parameters.

This paper deals with coupled electromagnetic, hydrodynamic and mechanical motion phenomena in magnetorheological fluid devices. The governing equations of these phenomena are presented. The numerical implementation of the mathematical model is based on the finite element method and a step‐by‐step algorithm. In order to include non‐linearity, the Newton‐Raphson process has been adopted. A prototype of an electromagnetic brake has been built at the Poznań University of Technology. The method has been successfully adapted to the analysis of this brake. The results of the analysis are presented.

This paper aims to discuss the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the afterbody model with two drag plates.

The plane shape of the drag plate model is designed as a rectangle. High-precision unstructured grid technology is used to treat the target surface. A calculation method based on multiple tracking and dynamic scattering module is presented to calculate the radar cross section (RCS).

The results show that under the given observation conditions, the RCS and surface scattering characteristics of a single drag plate change with the increase of the opening angle, which makes the forward RCS of the afterbody model change more than 8.43 dBm2. The opening of two resistance plates at different fixed angles has little effect on the peak value and position of the RCS of the afterbody model. The dynamic deflection of the two drag plates can bring 16.78 dBm2 fluctuations to the forward RCS of the afterbody model, and more than 25.59 dBm2 fluctuations to the side RCS.

The installation positions of the drag plate on the aircraft are various, so the method in this paper can provide reference and support for RCS analysis of the speed brake at other positions.

The presented calculation method is of engineering value to analyze the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the drag plate.