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Additive manufacturing (AM) of duplex stainless steels (DSS) is still challenging in terms of simultaneously generating structures with high build quality and adequate functional properties. This study aims to investigate comprehensive process-material-property relationships resulting from both laser-directed energy deposition (DED-LB/M) and laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) of DSS 1.4462 in as-built (AB) and subsequent heat-treated (HT) states.

Cuboid specimens made of DSS 1.4462 were generated using both AM processes. Porosity and microstructure analyses, magnetic-inductive ferrite and Vickers hardness measurements, tensile and Charpy impacts tests, fracture analysis, critical pitting corrosion temperature measurements and Huey tests were performed on specimens in the AB and HT states.

Correlations between the microstructural aspects and the resulting functional properties (mechanical properties and corrosion resistance) were demonstrated and compared. The mechanical properties of DED-LB/M specimens in both material conditions fulfilled the alloy specifications of 1.4462. Owing to the low ductility and toughness of PBF-LB/M specimens in the AB state, a post-process heat treatment was required to exceed the minimum alloy specification limits. Furthermore, the homogenization heat treatment significantly improved the corrosion resistance of DED- and PBF-processed 1.4462.

This study fulfills the need to investigate the complex relationships between process characteristics and the resulting material properties of additively manufactured DSS.

Based on the conceptual design of seismic resistance in buildings, this study aims to put forward a new construction structure energy-saving block structure with invisible multiribbed frame.

The structure is composed of energy-saving block wall panels with invisible multiribbed frames, lightweight partition wall plates and cast-in-place reinforced concrete floor slabs. The structure design is simple and the construction is convenient and fast. The comprehensive economic index of the structure is better than that of brick-and-concrete composite construction. The self-weight of the energy-saving blocks that make up the wall is only about 25% of that of solid clay bricks. The thermal insulation and energy-saving effects of the structure can meet the national energy-saving requirements of buildings.

This new structure meets the requirements of national technology and economy, wall deformation, thermal insulation and energy-saving, and can be used mainly for multistory and mid- to high-rise residential buildings. For the core components of the new structure energy-saving block and invisible multiribbed frame composite wall, as the axial compression ratio increases in the test parameters range, the peak bearing capacity and ductility of the wall increase and the initial stiffness of the wall decreases. The axial compression ratio has a significant effect on the energy dissipation capacity of the wall. The displacement ductility coefficients ν are all greater than 2, indicating the optimal seismic performance of the wall.

This structure is a new, economical, lightweight, energy-saving, seismic resistant, multistory and mid- to high-rise structure that fully conforms to national conditions.

In this experimental investigation, the behavior of strengthened/repaired heat-damaged one-way self-compacted concrete (SCC) slabs with opening utilizing near-surface-mounted-carbon fiber reinforced polymers (NSM-CFRP) strips was explored.

CFRP strip configurations, number of strips and inclination were all investigated in this study. For three hours, slabs were exposed to temperatures of 23°C and 500°C. Four-point load was applied to control slabs, enhanced slabs and repaired slabs.

The results indicate that exposing the slabs to high temperatures reduces their load capability. The number of strips and angle of inclination around the slab opening have a considerable impact on the performance of the strengthened and/or repaired slabs, according to the experimental results. The load capacity, toughness and ductility index of a strengthened and/or repaired slab with opening increase as the number of CFRP strips increases by 143.8–150.5%, 137.3–149.9% and 122.3–124.5%, respectively. The use of NSM strips around the opening with zero inclination showed higher load compared to the NSM strips around the opening with other angles.

It is frequently important to construct openings in the slabs for ventilation, electrical supply, and other purposes. Making openings in slabs might affect the structure’s performance since the concrete and reinforcing would be cut off. SCC is a new type of concrete mixture that can fill in all the voids in the formwork with its own weight without the help of external vibration.  As a result, it is necessary to reinforce the slab under flexure and increase the flexural strength of the SCC slab. Therefore, this work investigates the effect of using NSM-CFRP strip  on the behavior of one way SCC slabs that have been heat-damaged.

Although separate studies on the influence of corrosion and fire exposure on the constitutive relationship of concrete and steel have been done, there is still a gap in knowledge on the influence of corrosion-temperature superimposition as nonlinear phenomenon. The current study is focused to investigate the response of hot-rolled steel bars subjected to corrosion-temperature superimposition.

Using the accelerated corrosion-impressed-current technique, hot-rolled specimens with different levels of corrosion were obtained. The hot-rolled rebars were first corroded to target levels such as (6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36%) and subsequently subjected to target temperatures (250 °C, 400 °C, 550 °C, 800 °C and 950 °C), before tensile tests were carried out to evaluate the residual mechanical response.

The outcomes showed a significant decline in the parameters governing the mechanical properties of steel reinforcement due to the combined damage due to corrosion and fire. Corroded reinforcement still showed ductile failure after exposure to fire. Moreover, the combined loss of load-bearing characteristics due to corrosion and fire has little influence on the modulus of elasticity. The outcomes of this investigation provide a theoretical database for the assessment of aged structural elements exposed to combination after exposure to fire.

The information concerning structural material's response to corrosion-temperature combined damage is still limited. The cover of the reinforcement is designed to safeguard the reinforcing bars from foreign agencies but is often damaged and spalled off due to corrosion, rendering the reinforcing bars directly exposed. The study aims at the experimental production of fire conditions in a corrosion-damaged infrastructure to cover the aforementioned research gap. The effects of corrosion being superimposed by exposure to elevated temperatures on key parameters affecting mechanical behavior were examined.

1. Influence of corrosion-temperature superimposition on the mechanical properties of hot-rolled rebars.

2. Influence of corrosion-temperature superimposition on the macro and microstructure properties of hot-rolled rebars.

3. Influence of corrosion-temperature superimposition on stress-strain curves of hot-rolled rebars.

4. Influence of corrosion-temperature superimposition on tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and elongation of hot-rolled rebars.

Influence of corrosion-temperature superimposition on the mechanical properties of hot-rolled rebars.

Influence of corrosion-temperature superimposition on the macro and microstructure properties of hot-rolled rebars.

Influence of corrosion-temperature superimposition on stress-strain curves of hot-rolled rebars.

Influence of corrosion-temperature superimposition on tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and elongation of hot-rolled rebars.

Powder bed fusion-laser beam (PBF-LB) is a rapidly growing manufacturing technology for producing Al-Si alloys. This technology can be used to produce high-pressure die-casting (HPDC) prototypes. The purpose of this paper is to understand the similarities and differences in the microstructures and properties of PBF-LB and HPDC alloys.

PBF-LB AlSi10Mg and HPDC AlSi10Mn plates with different thicknesses were manufactured. Iso-thermal heat treatment was conducted on PBF-LB bending plates. A detailed meso-micro-nanostructure analysis was performed. Tensile, bending and microhardness tests were conducted on both alloys.

The PBF-LB skin was highly textured and softer than its core, opposite to what is observed in the HPDC alloy. Increasing sample thickness increased the bulk strength for the PBF-LB alloy, contrasting with the decrease for the HPDC alloy. In addition, the tolerance to fracture initiation during bending deformation is greater for the HPDC material, probably due to its stronger skin region.

This knowledge is crucial to understand how geometry of parts may affect the properties of PBF-LB components. In particular, understanding the role of geometry is important when using PBF-LB as a HPDC prototype.

This is the first comprehensive meso-micro-nanostructure comparison of both PBF-LB and HPDC alloys from the millimetre to nanometre scale reported to date that also considers variations in the skin versus core microstructure and mechanical properties.

Heterogeneous and micro-structured materials have been the object of multiscale and homogenization techniques aimed at recognizing the elastic properties of the equivalent continuum. The proposed investigation deals with the mechanical characterization of the heterogeneous material structured metamaterials through analyzing the ultimate strength using the limit analysis of the Representative Volume Element (RVE). To get the desired material strength, a novel finite element formulation based on the derivation of self-equilibrated solutions through the finite elements devoted to calculating the lower bound theorem has been implemented together with the limit analysis in Melàn’s formulation.

The finite element formulation is based on discrete mapping of Volterra dislocations in the structure using isoparametric representation. Using standard finite element techniques, the linear operator V, which relates the self-equilibrated internal solicitation to displacement-like nodal parameters, has been built through finite element discretization of displacement and strain.

The proposed work presented an elastic homogenization of the mechanical properties of an elementary cell with a geometry known in the literature, the isotropic truss. The matrix of elastic constants was calculated by subjecting the RVE to numerical load tests, simulated with a commercial FEM calculation code. This step showed the dependence of the isotropy properties, verified with Zener theory, on the density of the RVE. The isotropy condition of the material is only achieved for certain section ratios between body-centered cubic (BCC) and face-centered cubic (FCC), neglecting flexural effects at the nodes. The density that satisfies Zener’s conditions represents the isotropic geomatics of the isotropic truss.

For the isotropic case, the VFEM procedure was used to evaluate the isotropy of the limit domain and was compared with the Mises–Schleicher limit domain. The evaluation of residual ductility and dissipation energy allowed a measurement parameter for the limit anisotropy to be defined. The novelty of the proposal consisted in the formulation of both the linearized and the nonlinear limit locus of the material; hence, it furnished the starting point for further limit analysis of the structures whose elementary volume has been described through the proposed approach.

Additive manufacturing of polymer composites is a transformative technology that leverages the benefits of both composite material and 3D printing to produce highly customizable, lightweight and efficient composites for a wide range of applications.

In this research work, glass fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) filament is used to print the specimen via fusion deposition modeling process. The process parameters such as infill densities (40%, 50% and 60%) and raster angle/orientations (0°, 45° and 90°) are varied, and the specimens for tensile, flexural, impact, hardness and wear testing are prepared as per their respective ASTM standards.

The results revealed that with an increase in infill density, the mechanical properties of glass fiber-PLA specimens increase progressively. Optimal tensile properties and flexural properties are obtained at 0° and 90° raster angle orientations and 60% infill density. Minimum wear rate is achieved at 0° raster angle orientation and it increases at 45° and 90° raster angle orientations.

Using SEM, the microscopic analysis of the fractured specimen was analyzed to study the interface between the fibers and matrix and it indicates the presence of good adhesion between the layers at 60% infill density and 0° print orientation.

This study aims to enhance merging of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques with powder injection molding (PIM). In this way, the prototypes could be 3D-printed and mass production implemented using PIM. Thus, the surface properties and mechanical performance of parts produced using powder/polymer binder feedstocks [material extrusion (MEX) and PIM] were investigated and compared with powder manufacturing based on direct metal laser sintering (DMLS).

PIM parts were manufactured from 17-4PH stainless steel PIM-quality powder and powder intended for powder bed fusion compounded with a recently developed environmentally benign binder. Rheological data obtained at the relevant temperatures were used to set up the process parameters of injection molding. The tensile and yield strengths as well as the strain at break were determined for PIM sintered parts and compared to those produced using MEX and DMLS. Surface properties were evaluated through a 3D scanner and analyzed with advanced statistical tools.

Advanced statistical analyses of the surface properties showed the proximity between the surfaces created via PIM and MEX. The tensile and yield strengths, as well as the strain at break, suggested that DMLS provides sintered samples with the highest strength and ductility; however, PIM parts made from environmentally benign feedstock may successfully compete with this manufacturing route.

This study addresses the issues connected to the merging of two environmentally efficient processing routes. The literature survey included has shown that there is so far no study comparing AM and PIM techniques systematically on the fixed part shape and dimensions using advanced statistical tools to derive the proximity of the investigated processing routes.

This study aims to investigate the effect of incorporating cobalt (Co) into Sn-58Bi alloy on its phase composition, tensile properties, hardness and thermal aging performances. The fracture morphologies of tensile-tested solders are also investigated to correlate the microstructural changes with tensile properties of the solder alloys. Then, the thermal aging performances of the solder alloys are investigated in terms of their intermetallic compound (IMC) layer morphology and thickness.

The Sn-58Bi and Sn-58Bi-xCo, where x = 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 Wt.%, were prepared using the flux doping technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to study the phase composition of the solder alloys, whereas scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) are used to investigate the microstructure, fractography and compositions of the solders. Tensile properties such as ultimate tensile strength (UTS), Young’s modulus and elongation are tested using the tensile test, whereas the microhardness value is gained from the micro-Vickers hardness test. The morphology and thickness of the IMC layer at the solder’s joints are investigated by varying the thermally aging duration up to 56 days at 80°C.

XRD analysis shows the presence of Co₃Sn₂ phase and confirms that Co was successfully incorporated via the flux doping technique. The microstructure of all Sn-58Bi-xCo solders did not differ significantly from Sn-58Bi solders. Sn-58Bi-2.0Co solder exhibited optimum properties among all compositions, with the highest UTS (87.89 ± 2.55 MPa) at 0.01 s⁻¹ strain rate and the lowest IMC layer thickness at the interface after being thermally aged for 56 days (3.84 ± 0.67 µm).

The originality and value of this research lie in its novel exploration of the flux doping technique to introduce minor alloying of Co into Sn-58Bi solder alloys, providing new insights into enhancing the properties and performance of these solders. This new Sn-Bi-Co alloy has the potential to replace lead-containing solder alloy in low-temperature soldering.

This study aims to examine how the thickness of layers and printing speed impact the energy absorption capacity of honeycomb structures through drop-weight experiments. In addition, the effect of printing orientation on the resulting microstructure and mechanical performance was targeted to be examined.

In this paper, after manufacturing test specimens using fused deposition modeling technique with three distinct layer thicknesses (0.16 mm, 0.20 mm and 0.28 mm) and printing speeds (40 mm/min, 50 mm/min and 70 mm/min), drop weight tests were carried out. Then to see the effect of printing orientation on mechanical performance, three-point-bending tests were performed and damage mechanisms were comparatively examined through scanning electron microscopy.

An increase in layer thickness from 0.16 mm to 0.28 mm resulted in a notable 37% decrease in the impact resistance of the printed part. In addition, increasing the printing speed from 50 to 70 mm/min reduced the energy absorption capacity of the printed part by approximately 36.5%. Moreover, in terms of printing direction, transversely printed specimens showed 10% lower flexural strength than longitudinally printed specimens. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation showed that internal defects were more prominent in transversely printed specimens, resulting in premature failure. Furthermore, delamination was also detected in transversely printed specimens as another damage mechanism accelerating material failure.

It is seen that the effect of printing parameters on the fundamental mechanical properties including tensile strength, strain at break, ductility and elastic modulus were studied by various researchers. However, to the best of authors’ knowledge, the effect of printing speed and layer thickness on the energy absorption of polylactic acid based hexagonal honeycomb was not encountered. In addition, in-depth SEM analysis to discover the influence of printing direction significantly contributes to the literature.