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1 – 10 of over 15000Based on the theory of blown‐ups, in this paper, we will analyze chemical reaction problems, such as the rate of chemical reactions, gaseous chemical reactions, liquid chemical…
Abstract
Based on the theory of blown‐ups, in this paper, we will analyze chemical reaction problems, such as the rate of chemical reactions, gaseous chemical reactions, liquid chemical reactions, Schlogl’s model and the reaction diffusion equation. This study not only applies the theory of blown‐ups, but also offers a new method and a new thinking logic for nonlinear chemical dynamics. And, in a certain sense, this study brings new insight to the chemical dynamics and related research in laboratories.
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Mica Grujicic, S. Ramaswami and Jennifer Snipes
In the recent work, a new blast-wave impact-mitigation concept involving the use of a protective structure consisting of bimolecular reactants (polyvinyl pyridine+cyclohexyl…
Abstract
Purpose
In the recent work, a new blast-wave impact-mitigation concept involving the use of a protective structure consisting of bimolecular reactants (polyvinyl pyridine+cyclohexyl chloride), capable of undergoing a chemical reaction (to form polyvinyl pyridinium ionic salt) under shockwave loading conditions, was investigated using all-atom reactive equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular-dynamics analyses. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the beneficial shockwave dispersion/attenuation effects offered by the chemical reaction, direct simulations of a fully supported single planar shockwave propagating through the reactive mixture were carried out, and the structure of the shock front examined as a function of the extent of the chemical reaction (i.e. as a function of the strength of the incident shockwave). The results obtained clearly revealed that chemical reactions give rise to considerable broadening of the shockwave front. In the present work, the effect of chemical reactions and the structure of the shockwaves are investigated at the continuum level.
Design/methodology/approach
Specifically, the problem of the (conserved) linear-momentum accompanying the interaction of an incident shockwave with the protective-structure/protected-structure material interface has been investigated, within the steady-wave/structured-shock computational framework, in order to demonstrate and quantify an increase in the time period over which the momentum is transferred and a reduction in the peak loading experienced by the protected structure, both brought about by the occurrence of the chemical reaction (within the protective structure).
Findings
The results obtained clearly revealed the beneficial shock-mitigation effects offered by a protective structure capable of undergoing a chemical reaction under shock-loading conditions.
Originality/value
To the authors’ knowledge, the present manuscript is the first report dealing with a continuum-level analysis of the blast-mitigation potential of chemical reactions.
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Mica Grujicic, Jennifer Snipes and S. Ramaswami
The purpose of this paper is to introduce and analyze a new blast-wave impact-mitigation concept using advanced computational methods and tools. The concept involves the use of a…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to introduce and analyze a new blast-wave impact-mitigation concept using advanced computational methods and tools. The concept involves the use of a protective structure consisting of bimolecular reactants displaying a number of critical characteristics, including: a high level of thermodynamic stability under ambient conditions (to ensure a long shelf-life of the protective structure); the capability to undergo fast/large-yield chemical reactions under blast-impact induced shock-loading conditions; large negative activation and reaction volumes to provide effective attenuation of the pressure-dominated shockwave stress field through the volumetric-energy storing effects; and a large activation energy for efficient energy dissipation. The case of a particular bimolecular chemical reaction involving polyvinyl pyridine and cyclohexyl chloride as reactants and polyvinyl pyridinium ionic salt as the reaction product is analyzed.
Design/methodology/approach
Direct simulations of single planar shockwave propagations through the reactive mixture are carried out, and the structure of the shock front examined, as a function of the occurrence of the chemical reaction. To properly capture the shockwave-induced initiation of the chemical reactions during an impact event, all the calculations carried out in the present work involved the use of all-atom molecular-level equilibrium and non-equilibrium reactive molecular-dynamics simulations. In other words, atomic bonding is not pre-assigned, but is rather determined dynamically and adaptively using the concepts of the bond order and atomic valence.
Findings
The results obtained clearly reveal that when the chemical reactions are allowed to take place at the shock front and in the shockwave, the resulting shock front undergoes a considerable level of dispersion. Consequently, the (conserved) linear momentum is transferred (during the interaction of the protective-structure borne shockwaves with the protected structure) to the protected structure over a longer time period, while the peak loading experienced by the protected structure is substantially reduced.
Originality/value
To the authors’ knowledge, the present work is the first attempt to simulate shock-induced chemical reactions at the molecular level, for purposes of blast-mitigation.
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Shu‐Hao Chuang and Zuu‐Chang Hong
Solutions of the twin plane jets HF chemical laser flow based on aturbulent kinetic theory, due to a modified Green’s function method, arepresented. The calculated results of…
Abstract
Solutions of the twin plane jets HF chemical laser flow based on a turbulent kinetic theory, due to a modified Green’s function method, are presented. The calculated results of probability density function (PDF) of various chemical species in velocity space, and mass fraction concentration distributions of various reactants and products in the flow field, are revealed and discussed in this analysis. The transport phenomena of different pumping rate, collisional deactivation rate, and radiative deactivation rate in the interaction between the twin plane jets HF chemical laser show that the properties of species mass fraction concentrations, collisional reaction rate, and radiative incident intensity are the dominant factors. The present study provides the fundamentals for theoretical understanding of twin plane jets HF chemical laser and further application to multiple‐jet HF chemical laser analysis.
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Bao Qin, Yexin Zhou and Zheng Zhong
A diffusion-reaction-deformation coupled model is employed and implemented as a user-defined element (UEL) subroutine in the commercial finite element software package ABAQUS.
Abstract
Purpose
A diffusion-reaction-deformation coupled model is employed and implemented as a user-defined element (UEL) subroutine in the commercial finite element software package ABAQUS.
Design/methodology/approach
Chemical reaction and diffusion are treated as two distinct processes by introducing the extent of reaction and the diffusion concentration as two kinds of independent variables, for which the independent governing equations for chemical reaction and diffusion processes are obtained. Furthermore, an exponential form of chemical kinetics, instead of the linearly phenomenological relation, between the reaction rate and the chemical affinity is used to describe reaction process. As a result, complex chemical reaction can be simulated, no matter it is around or away from equilibrium.
Findings
Two numerical examples are presented, one for validation of the model and another for the modeling of the deflection of a plane caused by a chemical reaction.
Originality/value
1. Independent governing equations for diffusion and reaction processes are given. 2. An exponential relation between the reaction rate and its driving force is employed. 3. The UEL subroutine is used to implement the finite element procedure.
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Abstract
Purpose
In various kinds of materials processes, heat and mass transfer control in nuclear phenomena, constructing buildings, turbines and electronic circuits, etc., there are numerous problems that cannot be enlightened by uniform wall temperature. To explore such physical phenomena researchers incorporate non-uniform or ramped temperature conditions at the boundary, the purpose of this paper is to achieve the closed-form solution of a time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow with heat and mass transfer of an electrically conducting non-Newtonian Casson fluid toward an infinite vertical plate subject to the ramped temperature and concentration (RTC). The consequences of chemical reaction in the mass equation and thermal radiation in the energy equation are encompassed in this analysis. The flow regime manifests with pertinent physical impacts of the magnetic field, thermal radiation, chemical reaction and heat generation/absorption. A first-order chemical reaction that is proportional to the concentration itself directly is assumed. The Rosseland approximation is adopted to describe the radiative heat flux in the energy equation.
Design/methodology/approach
The problem is formulated in terms of partial differential equations with the appropriate physical initial and boundary conditions. To make the governing equations dimensionless, some suitable non-dimensional variables are introduced. The resulting non-dimensional equations are solved analytically by applying the Laplace transform method. The mathematical expressions for skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are calculated and expressed in closed form. Impacts of various associated physical parameters on the pertinent flow quantities, namely, velocity, temperature and concentration profiles, skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number, are demonstrated and analyzed via graphs and tables.
Findings
Graphical analysis reveals that the boundary layer flow and heat and mass transfer attributes are significantly varied for the embedded physical parameters in the case of constant temperature and concentration (CTC) as compared to RTC. It is worthy to note that the fluid velocity is high with CTC and lower for RTC. Also, the fluid velocity declines with the augmentation of the magnetic parameter. Moreover, growth in thermal radiation leads to a declination in the temperature profile.
Practical implications
The proposed model has relevance in numerous engineering and technical procedures including industries related to polymers, area of chemical productions, nuclear energy, electronics and aerodynamics. Encouraged by such applications, the present work is undertaken.
Originality/value
Literature review unveils that sundry studies have been carried out in the presence of uniform wall temperature. Few studies have been conducted by considering non-uniform or ramped wall temperature and concentration. The authors are focused on an analytical investigation of an unsteady MHD boundary layer flow with heat and mass transfer of non-Newtonian Casson fluid past a moving plate subject to the RTC at the plate. Based on the authors’ knowledge, the present study has, so far, not appeared in scientific communications. Obtained analytical solutions are verified by considering particular cases of the published works.
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Nilankush Acharya, Kalidas Das and Prabir Kumar Kundu
The purpose of this paper is to focus on the influence of multiple slips on MHD Williamson nanofluid flow embedded in porous medium towards a linearly stretching sheet that has…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to focus on the influence of multiple slips on MHD Williamson nanofluid flow embedded in porous medium towards a linearly stretching sheet that has been investigated numerically. The whole analysis has been carried out considering the presence of nth-order chemical reaction between base fluid and nanoparticles.
Design/methodology/approach
A similarity transformation technique has been adopted to convert non-linear governing partial differential equations into ordinary ones and then they are solved by using both the RK-4 method and Laplace transform homotopy perturbation method. The consequences of multiple slip parameters on dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration and heat and mass transfer rates have been demonstrated using tabular and graphical outline.
Findings
The investigation explores that the Nusselt number reduces for escalating behaviour of velocity slip and thermal slip parameter. Fluid’s temperature rises in the presence of generative reaction parameter.
Originality/value
A fine conformity of the current results has been achieved after comparing with previous literature studies. Considering destructive chemical reaction, reduced Nusselt number is found to decrease, but reverse consequence has been noticed in the case of generative chemical reaction. Mass transport diminishes when the order of chemical reaction amplifies for both destructive and generative reactions.
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Paul Meehan and Helen Schofield
When the CrossFire databases were released in 1994, chemical information became available in electronic form of a quality and quantity never before accessible to end‐users…
Abstract
When the CrossFire databases were released in 1994, chemical information became available in electronic form of a quality and quantity never before accessible to end‐users. Describes the information sources used by chemists before CrossFire and the origins of the CrossFire database. Discusses the content and functionality of CrossFire, and provides examples to illustrate its capabilities. The database allows chemists to search in their own language of structures, reactions and properties, and this has had an impact on the type of chemical information searching possible. Makes particular reference to the CrossFire service provided by MIMAS to the UK and Scandinavian academic communities. Also mentions the position of CrossFire in the chemical information landscape, along with news of expected developments.
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Ali J. Chamkha, A.M. Rashad and Humood F. Al‐Mudhaf
The purpose of this paper is to solve the problem of steady, laminar, coupled heat and mass transfer by MHD natural convective boundary‐layer flow over a permeable truncated cone…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to solve the problem of steady, laminar, coupled heat and mass transfer by MHD natural convective boundary‐layer flow over a permeable truncated cone with variable surface temperature and concentration in the presence of thermal radiation and chemical reaction effects.
Design/methodology/approach
The governing equations are derived and transformed into a set of non‐similar equations which are then solved by an adequate implicit finite difference method.
Findings
It is found that the presence of thermal radiation, magnetic field and chemical reaction have significant effects on the rates of heat and mass transfer. The variation of the wall temperature and concentration exponent contribute to significant changes in the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers as well.
Originality/value
The titled problem with the various considered effects has not been solved before and it is of special importance in various industries. The problem is original.
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The paper presents the results of measuring the diffusion processes in epoxy resins based on bisphenol A and bisphenol S hardened with aromatic polyamines. The effects acting on…
Abstract
The paper presents the results of measuring the diffusion processes in epoxy resins based on bisphenol A and bisphenol S hardened with aromatic polyamines. The effects acting on the diffusion of acids into the resins thus hardened are discussed. These involve mostly the diffusion processes of solutions connected with a chemical reaction affecting the chemical stability of material. The chemical resistance of epoxy resins is affected by the molecular weight and type of epoxy resin, the polyamine functionality, the polyamine concentration, and the kind of plasticizer. The measurements performed by a microscopic method gave the values of diffusion coefficients relating to the penetration of some inorganic and organic acids into the epoxy resin based copolymers.
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