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The purpose of this paper is to discuss overdose among those with criminal justice experience and recommend harm reduction strategies to lessen overdose risk among this vulnerable population.

Strategies are needed to reduce overdose deaths among those with recent incarceration. Jails and prisons are at the epicenter of the opioid epidemic but are a largely untapped setting for implementing overdose education, risk assessment, medication assisted treatment, and naloxone distribution programs. Federal, state, and local plans commonly lack corrections as an ingredient in combating overdose. Harm reduction strategies are vital for reducing the risk of overdose in the post-release community.

Therefore, the authors recommend that the following be implemented in correctional settings: expansion of overdose education and naloxone programs; establishment of comprehensive medication assisted treatment programs as standard of care; development of corrections-specific overdose risk assessment tools; and increased collaboration between corrections entities and community-based organizations.

In this policy brief the authors provide recommendations for implementing harm reduction approaches in criminal justice settings. Adoption of these strategies could reduce the number of overdoses among those with recent criminal justice involvement.

Analysing the intersectional race and gender politics of the England women's national team, this chapter, based on oral history interviews, shows the historical forces shaping the diversity of the squad over time, from 1972 to the present. Class is important here, as many of the first black and mixed heritage England women players were the daughters of the Windrush generation of Caribbean migrants who settled in working-class areas of urban, and to a lesser extent, rural England. In the case of London-based players, this gave a proximity to important development centres, available by public transport. In the case of Kerry Davis, from Stoke on Trent, access to private transport was important. As head coach, Hope Powell oversaw the first Black-British captain of an England women's side, but when succeeded by Mark Sampson much of this development receded, notably as Eni Aluko, a centurion capped star of Nigerian descent was de-selected for ‘Unlioness behaviour’. In the ensuing legal analysis, the FA showed itself to lack awareness of diversity and inclusion issues in its own sport. The chapter analyses the effect of this, on an England team that includes several high profile LGBTQ+ stars, which is diverse in different ways than the England men's team.

Food manufacturers, as well as Food and Drugs Authorities, are greatly perturbed at the. immense increase of foreign bodies which find their way into food sold or on sale to the public. In an attempt to analyse these occurrences one feels that a useful purpose would be served if they were subdivided into two main headings. The first, and probably the most common, is the foreign body or article associated in some way with the packing or manufacturing of the article; secondly, that which not only taints the surrounding portion of the food but for which there is decidedly less justification for its presence. The chief offenders in this respect are tobacco and portions of rodent and insect bodies and excrement. An attempt at consumption of a nail or ferrous metal may result in some discomfort or injury to the person concerned, but the majority of people would prefer this risk to the shock of finding that they have eaten half a cockroach or the tail of a mouse. Under the first heading one finds such things as nails, screws, portions of paper and stones found in bread and confectionery. A large proportion of these could be removed by careful sifting of the bulk article, although bulk compound cooking fat, from which articles have been collected, presents many difficulties in this respect. Some manufacturers, in order to reduce the risk to the minimum, have installed magnetic detectors to pick up bits of ferrous metals which may be present. These, however, apart from their expense, have not proved very successful in the case of fats. It is necessary for the manufacturer to keep a constant check on his equipment and storage bins. Screws and nails have been found in bread, and, when taken back to the bakery, they have been found to fit exactly some part of the equipment. In these circumstances it has been obvious that regular maintenance would have prevented most of these unfortunate occurrences. A Court case may not only prove costly but the effects would make themselves felt in the annual turnover. In these cases, such as the more common one of glass being found in milk bottles, the management are entirely dependent upon the human element. Accidents do occur in the most perfect of milk bottling machines. Irrespective of how much one would like to boast that the product is untouched by hand, one cannot dispense with the keen scrutiny that is required, not only in removing heavily contaminated bottles, which may have held paint or other similar substances, from being fed to the machine, but at the other end as they roll off the conveyor. The question of cigarette ends, portions of matches and specks of tobacco brings to the forefront the well debated question of “ Should smoking be allowed in food preparation premises?” The report of the Manufactured Meat Products Working Party, 1950, under the heading “ Use of Tobacco ”, states: “ We consider it undesirable for anyone to smoke or chew tobacco or use snuff while in rooms used for the preparation of meat products or the storage of raw materials or the finished product. The use of tobacco in any form is likely to lead to unhygienic practices and to the contamination of food. We recommend, therefore, that the use of tobacco in rooms used for the preparation or storage of raw material or meat products should be prohibited by regulation.” It will occur to many that, where regulations have been made and the “ No Smoking ” rules strictly enforced, cases still occur of cigarette ends being found in the finished product, as the following case will illustrate. A partly‐used carton of sugar was brought into the office of a Food and Drugs Authority in which was found the stub end of a cigarette, which, from its appearance, had been flung into the manufactured sugar immediately after use, for the smoking end was encrusted with sugar. The matter was taken up with the packers, and it was explained to them that neither the man, wife or son in the household concerned were smokers. In the factory the non‐smoking rule was rigidly enforced, but it was found through the code number on the carton that, at the time, building contractors were working in and around the factory. In the case of a cigarette end in a packet of “ chocolate sweet tobacco ” some amusement was created at getting the real thing in a packet of sweets. It was, however, a serious matter for the firm concerned, who pleaded guilty, and in their defence it was stated that there were more than twenty non‐smoking notices on the premises and the occurrence was inexplicable to them. A perusal of the most recent cases resulting in convictions show that cigarette ends have been found in substances varying from bread, bread‐rolls, almond slices and buns to sweets, and in the majority of cases the non‐smoking rule was strictly enforced; it would, therefore, seem that, having taken every precaution, the manufacturers are compelled to regard this as one of the hazards to be encountered in the trade. It is felt that in the second group of foreign bodies, rodent and insect bodies and excrement are by far the most serious. The contamination of food by such filth is invariably indicative of the state of the premises where the food was prepared or sold. The public must be protected from such filth and the grave risk of food infection which exists where insects or rodent infestations occur in food preparation or storage premises. Confirmation of this can be found in an analysis of the cases published in this Journal. These illustrate clearly that, where action has been taken with regard to the premises in this respect, attention was initially directed by contaminated food being sold. Even with old premises there is no excuse for infestation by insects such as cockroaches, flies or rodents. Modern residual insecticides, if used selectively, will not only control but eradicate the former. The Local Authority Pests Operators, or the specific rodent exterminating firms, will deal quite effectively with the latter, although some constructive rat‐proofing may have to be carried out in addition. It will be seen from the brief outline given above that many difficulties exist in dealing with the problem of foreign bodies in food, and manufacturers who take the fullest precautions have the sympathy of the Food and Drugs officials when single occurrences spoil an otherwise excellent record. Few take action in such cases, realising the fallibility of the human element. Unfortunately many convictions still occur in this sphere which could have been avoided by attention to hygienic practices, strict supervision and the education of workers employed.

The purpose of this study is to explore and theorize on the motivations of a new class of whistleblowers or leakers stemming from the “abusive” cybersecurity practices of Western governments. This research primarily focuses on such practices of the US Government.

This work is designed as a case study research of cybersecurity whistleblowers or leakers on Western governments, involving data collection from primary and secondary sources. The method is a content analysis to determine the presence of certain themes within this primary and secondary data which this research can then make inferences about the messages within the texts.

The findings show a formation of a recent class of power brokers, with its own collective ethos, who will be known by a new term: the “New Knowledge Cyberclass” (NKC). The development of the NKC was revealed through the shocking data revelations by Edward Snowden, Julian Assange and Chelsea Manning. What separates the NKC from government “protectors” (i.e. President Obama, Central Intelligence Agency Director Mike Pompeo), who argue that these leakers stole and leaked classified documents that endangered lives, is their definitions of what it means to be defenders of democracy, which here pertains to the rights to citizens’ online privacy and the degree of secrecy in US Government.

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study directed toward connecting, Snowden, Assange and Manning, to the birth of a new class of power brokers designed to directly challenge Western government malpractices with citizens’ online privacy and secrecy in foreign operations. This research explores both the birth of this new class and a collective ethos that binds this group together despite the tensions and conflicts within this new class.

Whistleblowing plays a crucial role in revealing organizational misconduct and systemic corruption in industry and government. This paper investigates changing practices of whistleblower activism, with particular reference to the role of solidarity and the increased role of support networks. Many modern whistleblower disclosures have revealed gaping flaws in the system of global governance related to a range of important social and economic issues, such as tax evasion, global mass surveillance, the use of torture and illegal wars of aggression. All these forms of systemic corruption are reliant on the use of secrecy havens to conceal the abuse from public scrutiny and democratic oversight. Counter-hegemonic social movements that oppose forms of systemic corruption can find important allies in those whistleblowers, who leak vital information about misconduct and corruption to the public. In this paper, we argue that there is a clear relationship of mutual support between whistleblowing and activist social movements, both in the process of whistleblowing and in furthering the campaigns of the social movements themselves. We theorize this, unpacking the processes and dynamics underlying the relationship, and offering a framework for analysis. The paper concludes with a discussion of the changing role of whistleblower activism and support networks in undertaking social reform and counter-hegemonic practice.

President, Charles S. Goldman, M.P.; Chairman, Charles Bathurst, M.P.; Vice‐Presidents: Christopher Addison, M.D., M.P., Waldorf Astor, M.P., Charles Bathurst, M.P., Hilaire Belloc, Ralph D. Blumenfeld, Lord Blyth, J.P., Colonel Charles E. Cassal, V.D., F.I.C., the Bishop of Chichester, Sir Arthur H. Church, K.C.V.O., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., Sir Wm. Earnshaw Cooper, C.I.E., E. Crawshay‐Williams, M.P., Sir Anderson Critchett, Bart., C.V.O., F.R.C.S.E., William Ewart, M.D., F.R.C.P., Lieut.‐Colonel Sir Joseph Fayrer, Bart., M.A., M.D., Sir Alfred D. Fripp, K.C.V.O., C.B., M.B., M.S., Sir Harold Harmsworth, Bart., Arnold F. Hills, Sir Victor Horsley, M.D., F.R.C.S., F.R.S., O. Gutekunst, Sir H. Seymour King, K.C.I.E., M.A., the Duke of Manchester, P.C., Professor Sir Wm. Osler, Bart., M.D., F.R.S., Sir Gilbert Parker, D.C.L., M.P., Sir Wm. Ramsay, K.C.B., LL.D., M.D., F.R.S., Harrington Sainsbury, M.D., F.R.C.P., W. G. Savage, M.D., B.Sc., R. H. Scanes Spicer, M.D., M.R.C.S., the Hon. Lionel Walrond, M.P., Hugh Walsham, M.D., F.R.C.P., Harvey W. Wiley, M.D., Evelyn Wrench.

In 1899 the medical practitioners of Dublin were confronted with an outbreak of a peculiar and obscure illness, characterised by symptoms which were very unusual. For want of a better explanation, the disorder, which seemed to be epidemic, was explained by the simple expedient of finding a name for it. It was labelled as “beri‐beri,” a tropical disease with very much the same clinical and pathological features as those observed at Dublin. Papers were read before certain societies, and then as the cases gradually diminished in number, the subject lost interest and was dropped.

This chapter explores how the intersections of race, gender, and class combine to affect Black undergraduate women and their engagement with high impact practices (HIPs). Specifically, this chapter describes the extent to which Black undergraduate women engaged in HIPs of service-learning, research with faculty, and internships; describes factors that contributed to their engagement (or non-engagement) in the HIPs, while attending a PWI; and explores the role race, gender, and class had on engagement (or non-engagement) with these HIPs. This study used a two-phase sequential explanatory mixed methods approach, which consisted of an electronic survey (n = 190) and semi-structured interviews (n = 10). Survey items were taken from the National Survey of Student Engagement, The College Student Report. The study was conceptually grounded by intersectionality, which allowed an exploration of how social inequalities and power relations intersect to potentially influence the college experience of Black women. Findings indicate that Black women are engaging with HIPs. Factors contributing to engagement included positive faculty interactions, desire to make connections on campus and the need to acquire real world work experience. Factors contributing to non-engagement included lack of knowledge regarding HIPs and the impact of the campus climate on students' sense of belonging and occurrences of stereotype threat.

Drawing from the cognitive evaluation theory, the purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between student volunteers’ narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy, and commitment to university volunteer programmes through the mediating mechanisms of self-orientation and pro-social motivation. Further, it investigates the roll of servant leadership in mitigating these personality types and encouraging student volunteers to become more pro-socially motivated.

The study uses data collected via questionnaire from 156 student volunteers across Australia. Hypothesis testing was conducted using ordinary least squares regression with the path-analytic conditional process modelling (PROCESS) macro for SPSS.

The study’s analysis indicated that self-orientated motivation mediated the relationship between narcissism and normative commitment, and pro-social motivation mediated the relationship between both Machiavellianism and psychopathy, and affective commitment. Further, servant leadership was found to moderate the relationship between both Machiavellianism and psychopathy, and pro-social motivation, such that the negative relationship became weaker under a servant leader. These findings suggest that servant leaders play a significant role in encouraging “dark” personalities to see the light.

This research is the first to examine the use of the Dark Triad in a student volunteering context. It extends the cognitive evaluation theory by revealing that extrinsic (in contrast to intrinsic) motivations are “crowded out” as intrinsic (in contrast to extrinsic) motivations develop within individuals. The study also refines the social learning theory, by examining the influences of “positive” leadership attributes (servant leadership) on “darker” (Dark Triad) personalities.

Sexual misconduct (sexual assault and sexual harassment) in the US military is a long-standing problem. The military has implemented many policies and programs to address sexual misconduct in its ranks. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the processes of military sexual misconduct policy and programs have evolved since the 1940s.

Punctuated equilibrium and multiple streams theories were the guiding frameworks for this process analysis of the policies and programs implemented to address military sexual misconduct based on existing literature, news media and press.

Three punctuations are found in military sexual misconduct policy that demonstrate large-scale departures from the periods of equilibrium as the result of either a significant sexual misconduct allegation or new survey findings revealing sexual misconduct prevalence rates. In between these major-issue defining events, incremental policy change has occurred resulting in a period of stasis or return to the status quo requiring correction. Despite returns to stasis, each policy punctuation has built on the prior punctuation, generating new military directives, policies and programs.

Using the lenses of punctuated equilibrium and multiple stream theories, this paper shows how the processes of US military sexual misconduct policies and programs have evolved. The US military and militaries globally can utilize these policy frameworks to help predict future patterns of military sexual misconduct and improve responses to these problems.