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This paper aims to determine the most practically applicable color-difference formula for yarn-dyed fabrics woven from warp and weft yarns in different color depths and to establish color-difference tolerance for perceptibility by evaluating yarn-dyed fabrics visually and instrumentally.

A total of 108 sample pairs were evaluated by a panel of 13 observers with perceptibility method under three typical light sources (A, D65 and cool white fluorescent). The data sets were statistically analyzed by the homogeneity of variance test (F-test), analysis of variance, standardized residual sum of squares and performance factor/3.

Light sources had a slight influence on the visual assessments of yarn-dyed fabrics. Among the eight color-difference formulae for measurements of yarn-dyed fabrics, CIEDE2000(2:1:1) outperformed all other tested formulae, and the color tolerance for the perceptibility of CIEDE2000(2:1:1) was 0.62. When the homochromy index (K) of warp and weft yarns of yarn-dyed fabric was lower than 1.25, the color difference based on ΔE*00(2:1:1) between the two samples was acceptable in terms of the color tolerance for perceptibility (i.e. 0.62).

The warp and weft yarns in different color depths could be woven in fabric with a relatively uniform color appearance.

This study could contribute to cost savings by reusing disqualified dyed yarns during the weaving manufacturing process.

This study aims to provide a method to assess the perceptual impact of the visual complexity of building façades.

The research identifies the number of design elements and the variation in their position and colour as variables of visual complexity. It introduces the concepts of vertices and corners as atomic indicators on which the measurement of these variables is built. It measures visual complexity and its variables in images of building façades and analyses their relationships with participants' reactions. It reports on the effect of visual complexity on preferences, the adequacy of different methods in measuring visual complexity and the perceptual impact of each of its variables.

The research demonstrates that visual complexity can be assessed through the measure of its variables and their statistical mapping to users' preferences.

The manuscript provides the foundation for a planning/assessment tool for the visual control of the built environment using computer systems based on the preferences of residents through the examination of the relationship between the users and their environment. It creates a paradigm, which introduces a robust concept in the visual analysis of urban design.

In this present study, electrophotographic printing is made on papers which are subjected to different recycling numbers, and this paper aims to examine the colour changes of this printing type.

Four-colour electrophotographic printing is carried out on adhering to the INGEDE 11p standard recycled papers four times under the same conditions. Colour measurements are made by means of electrophotographic printed colour scales printed on these recycled papers. Colour measurements are made with the X-Rite eXact spectrophotometer according to the ISO 13655:2017 standard. As a result of colour measurements, colour differences (ΔL′, ΔH′, ΔC′, ΔE₀₀) of recycled papers are determined using some formulas.

According to the values obtained after four recycling, the highest ΔL′ value is found to be 4.80 yellow and the lowest 1.92 black. Again, according to the measurement results, it is determined that the highest ΔE00 is yellow colour with a value of 5.66, and lowest ΔE₀₀ is black colour with a value of 1.98. In ΔH′, black colour is the highest value of 12.61, the lowest value with −2.05 is obtained in magenta colour. It was observed that the highest ΔC′ value is 2.98 in yellow, and the lowest value is −0.28 in black.

In the printing industry, sometimes customers want to monitor the colour differences in the printing by taking the L′a′b′ obtained values as a result of printing from the printing houses. If the colour differences exceed the tolerance values, then they can interfere with the printing. As a result of the calculations, colour changes in electrophotographic printing are observed with many parameters. This study can be a pioneer for the studies that can be done on this subject.

The deficiency of the mapping between fashion color (FoCo) value and linguistic color expression causes the difficulty of machine-based fashion understanding tasks that are heavily associated with color matching. The purpose of this paper is to propose the FoCo system and construct it with four steps, in order to bridge this gap.

The color distribution in HSB color space is analyzed to estimate the rough number of color categories. Similar color values are grouped to obtain the initial HSB value range for each color category. The intra-category color differences are calculated to determine their final HSB value ranges and Pantone color is used for fine-tuning.

With practical applications in mind, the FoCo system is designed as a hierarchical structure with three layers.

The FoCo system is designed as a hierarchical structure with three layers: color units for color matching-related tasks, color categories for style analysis tasks and color tones for color recognition tasks. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the FoCo system.

This experiment was carried out to test color difference formulae by method of adjustment. 6 different color centers (Red, Yellow, Green, Blue-Green, Blue and Violet) were chosen for this psychophysical experiment. 336 virtual sample pairs were prepared. The mean color difference was three CIELAB units. Each pair was assessed by a panel of 15 observers using psychophysical methods called Method of Adjustment. These visual data were used to test color-difference formulae: CIELAB, CMC, CIE94, DIN99d and CIE2000 with the help of simple statistical measures i.e., PF/3 and Stress. It was found that the visual results obtained from psychophysical method of adjustment show that CIE94 as well as DIN99d still perform well for small color differences.

The purpose of this paper is to address the key variables that determine the level of control of color in a typical textile supply chain, including lighting variability, color perception, and color measurement.

A fishbone diagram is used to demonstrate the wide range of variables that affect the control and communication of color within the textile supply chain.

It is important to identify the important parameters and variables that influence the control of color within various stages of the textile supply chain. In regard to visual assessment variability, the results obtained in an ongoing study at North Carolina State University based on the psychophysical testing of 50 observers demonstrate a statistical difference for visual judgments of small color differences between naïve and expert observers. Results of a paired t‐test between the second and the third trial conducted by naïve observers indicate that the repetition of the visual observations significantly affects the assessment of small color differences.

Assessment of lighting measurements of several stores in the USA demonstrate variability in lighting, with many stores having at least two different light sources. This variability, in combination with uncontrolled lighting from external windows and entrance/exit areas, can lead to significant variability in the color perception of textile garments displayed in such areas, and may lead to consumer experience being significantly different from that intended by the designer.

The optimization of variables that influence the assessment and communication of color is vital to achieving effective communication between all parties involved. This can significantly reduce costs and lead times resulting in improved competitiveness and cost efficiency associated with increased consumer satisfaction and confidence in the industry.

The repetition of visual observations significantly affects the assessment of small color differences.

This study aims to examine the colour changes affecting inkjet prints after the recycling of papers.

For recycling, papers prepared with the INGEDE 11p standard are recycled four times. Pulping, storage, flotation, beating and bleaching processes are applied for each recycling, respectively. Inkjet prints are made on the obtained test papers, and colour measurements are made using an X-Rite eXact spectrophotometer according to the ISO 13655:2017 standard. These processes are applied again to the papers which are recycled four times, and the results are analyzed. In addition, the values of ΔE₀₀ ′, ΔL′, ΔH ′ and ΔC′ are calculated according to ISO 11664-6:2014 standard by making some calculations according to obtained the L′a′b′ values.

It is determined that the ΔE₀₀ value increases after each recycling in cyan magenta and yellow colour, whereas it decreases in black. The highest ΔE₀₀ value is calculated after the fourth recycling stage is yellow with a value of 8.33. The lowest ΔE₀₀ value detected is black with a value of 0.76 after the fourth recycling stage. This paper observes that the colour with the most variation in hue angle among recycling repetitions is black and the colour with the highest hue angle value is yellow. It is seen that repeating recycling causes increase in the chromatic values of the prints.

After the fourth recycling stage, colour changes have reached an important point and can cause important printing problems. In this case, the customer’s approval must be obtained to continue printing. This case is valid for ΔE₀₀ values. Colour differences for print contrast, trapping and print chroma values are either not very important or are positive for quality.

This study aims to provide control of liquids, especially against water-based ink on the paper and paperboard surface with natural substances, in also practical and greenway.

The paper surface was treated with natural rosin and its derivatives to obtain a hydrophobic effect and to improve printing properties. The oleoresin samples collected from Pinus nigra Arnold and Pinus pinaster Aiton trees in the controlled area and turpentine content removed was by hydrodistillation. The gum rosin (GR), fortified 10% with maleic anhydride (MGR) and esterified with 10% pentaerythritol (PMGR) samples solved in a simply alcohol and sprayed the base paper surface directly with a spray gun. Base paper samples were paperboard, bleached paper and test liner paper. Then, flexo printing was applied and printability properties were measured.

The treatment weights of these paper samples were 1.8 ± 0.5, 1.3 ± 0.5 and 0.7 ± 0.2 g/m², respectively, compared to the base paper. Greater Cobb60 results were obtained from modified rosin samples than unmodified gum rosin-sized paperboards and the PMGR surface treatment reduces Cobb60 values by 20% and MGR treatment reduces 15% comparing to the base sheet. Then, the printing procedure was applied to the surface of the treated materials using a flexo printing system. As a result of the treatment better print density, chroma and print lightness value consumed a less hydrophobic agent and controlling water-based flexo ink on the base paper surface.

The unique aspect of this work was improving the hydrophobicity of the paper surfaces was achieved by spraying with natural rosin and derivatives.