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The current study examines the effectiveness of brand integrations in music videos by taking into account the impact of both brand placement characteristics (i.e., brand prominence, valence of artist–brand relationship) and audience characteristics (i.e., artist connectedness).

A 2 (prominence: prominent vs. subtle) by 2 (valence: positive vs. negative) by 2 (connectedness: high vs. low) between-subjects experimental design is used. Each respondent first watched one music video via YouTube in which one branded product was placed either prominently or subtly. To manipulate the valence of the artist–brand relationship respondents were instructed to read a magazine article that revealed either a positive or negative attitude of the artist toward the placed brand. Two hundred twenty young adults participated in this study.

This study shows that prominent placements appear to be beneficial for the attitude toward the integrated brand when an individual is strongly connected to the artist in the music video, while subtle placements are beneficial both when an individual is weakly or strongly connected to the artist. Further, negative celebrity-brand relationships do not seem to affect brand attitudes in a negative way.

Embedding the brand in a music video gives marketers and advertisers the chance to reach consumers in a new, creative way. But this study shows that the advertiser should pay attention to the way in which the brand is integrated. Further, negative celebrity information does not seem to affect brand attitudes in a negative way. This makes the music video a very interesting medium for advertisers.

The current study contributes to previous research on brand placement by investigating the effectiveness of brand placements in music videos and the role of artist connectedness. In addition, the study is original as it includes valence in the model.

The purpose of this paper is to compare the effect of marketing communication techniques concerning product placement and TV commercials on brand recall and the purchase intention of consumers.

A sample of 420 participants randomly assigned to one of the four scenarios of an experiment watched a selected episode of a Sri Lankan TV show that consisted of commercial breaks. Then, their recall and purchase intention toward the advertised/placed brand were measured using a questionnaire and binary logistic regression was the analytical tool.

This research indicated that a combination of product placement and TV commercials forms the highest impact on both brand recall and purchase intention. The next highest impact is created solely by product placement, while sole TV commercials make the lowest impact comparatively.

This study is beneficial to brands and entrepreneurs looking for the most effective marketing communication methods to promote their brands and products to consumers.

As an initial study performed on a comparison between two commonly used marketing communication techniques, i.e. product placement and TV commercials, in the Sri Lankan context would also enrich the global marketing literature on the comparative effectiveness of both techniques, where studies are limited so far.

Placement prominence is a multidimensional concept. Previous studies have defined and operationalized prominence in different ways, and no studies have tried to systematically examine what should and should not be counted as prominence. This study aims to fill this gap.

Using a content analysis of six short films and a survey study on 129 Chinese young adults, this study systematically examined 13 dimensions of placement prominence on the memory of placed brands.

Factor analysis has reduced the 13 dimensions into five factors: contextual, narrative, sensory, exposure and spatial prominence. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) software was used to conduct a contrarian case analysis and test for predictive validity. This was followed by a QCA to identify the optimal configurations of the five factors that may lead to a high recognition of the placed brands. The optimal configurations were also contrasted across two gender and brand familiarity groups. While the optimal configurations of prominence on brand memory for male and female participants were largely the same, the combinations differed between participants with low and high brand familiarity.

Previous studies in product placement usually operationalize prominence with a few dominant dimensions intuitively though several other dimensions, and their interactions could also affect the prominence level. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that used multiple dimensions of prominence configurations to identify paths that may lead to low and high brand memory. The empirical results contribute to the theory and understanding of the effect of prominence on brand memory and provide guidance to brand managers in determining which prominence configuration is the most suitable for achieving their promotional objective.

This study aims to compare and contrast the effectiveness of single- and dual-product repetition strategies in the brand placement context. The study also aims to explore the number of repetitions needed for achieving maximum impact on brand memory (i.e. recall and recognition) and brand attitudes.

The proposed hypotheses and research questions were tested using a quasi-experimental approach. Participants watched a block of eight videos containing four different levels comprising one, three, five and seven repetitions of products belonging to the same umbrella brand. Subsequently, participants completed a questionnaire designed to measure brand memory and brand attitudes.

Results indicate that dual-product brand placements could elicit higher levels of brand recall than that of single-product brand placements at moderate and high levels of repetition (i.e. five and seven). Moreover, at a high level of repetition (i.e. seven repetitions), the brand attitudes of consumers exposed to dual-product brand placements are significantly higher when product categories are dissimilar.

Consumers are increasingly exposed to multiple products of the same umbrella brands when watching various video content. However, prior research has not examined the effects of brand placement repetition in the umbrella branding context. This study is the first attempt at combining research streams on umbrella branding and brand placements and comparing the effects of repetitive exposure to single- and dual-product brand placements on consumers’ memory and brand attitudes.

The purpose of this paper is to propose and test a conceptual framework of attitudinal constructs that influence attitude toward the brand in movie product placements. Advertising literature is replete with studies on factors that influence attitude toward the brand (A_b). However, this topic remains under-explored for product placements.

Our framework showcases several theories to relate attitude and fit constructs to attitudes toward the product placement and attitude toward the brand. We use the structural equation model approach to estimate the conceptual framework.

Several attitudinal movie constructs (attitude toward the actor, the character and the movie) influence attitude toward the product placement, which in turn mediates the relationship between the former attitudinal constructs and attitude toward the brand. Interestingly, only the fit between the actor and placed brand impacted attitude toward the product placement, with no effects found for the fit between the character and the fit between the movie and brand and the attitude toward the product placement.

We focus on explicit attitudes; implicit attitudes need future research attention.

Findings affirm a key role for the actor featured in the placement in directly or indirectly shaping the attitude toward the brand.

This is the first study to apply the structural equation modeling approach to this research area.

This paper aims to contribute to the marketing literature and practice by examining the effect of product placements on the host brand. The declining effectiveness of traditional advertising has prompted increasing interest in strategies for placing products in media programming. Most existing research adopt the perspective of the brands embedded in media products, with limited attention to the impact that product placement has on the media product that serves as a host brand for the embedded brands. The authors investigate this effect in the context of motion pictures and develop a theory-driven conceptual model.

The authors test their hypotheses with two experiments in which randomly assigned participants view one of seven versions of a custom-made, seven-minute short film that differ in their level of placement prominence.

The results from a mediation analysis indicate that, after controlling for audiences’ general attitudes toward the embedded brand, greater placement prominence heightens consumers’ reactance to persuasion attempts and negatively affects their evaluations of the host brand. A post hoc experiment confirms that even very low levels of placement prominence can worsen host brand evaluations.

This research is among the first to investigate the effects of product placement from a host brand perspective. It issues a warning to producers of entertainment content: a product placement strategy may generate additional earnings, but it also can lower audiences’ evaluations of the focal entertainment product.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the interaction effect of placement characteristics and emotional experiences on consumers’ recognition of placed brands. Brand recognition is a fundamental step in the consumer’s decision-making journey.

The authors developed a research model based on emotional process theory and cognitive capacity theory incorporating placement characteristics, emotional experiences and brand recognition. An experimental study of 110 young Chinese consumers was conducted to test the research model.

The findings indicated that all three placement characteristics (prominence, serial positions and plot connection) had significant effects on brand recognition, as suggested in previous research. The effect of emotional experiences on brand recognition was comparatively less prominent. Placement characteristics and emotional experiences also interacted to influence the recognition of placed brands.

This study shows the role of emotional experiences and their interaction with placement characteristics on brand recognition, which has yet to be examined. The conceptual model contributes to the product placement literature by suggesting that both cognitive and emotional processing are important for brand recognition. The findings provide useful insights for marketers in designing effective product placement strategies.

Despite the proliferation of casual advergames on web sites, there is relatively little scientific evidence on which product‐placement qualities and individual consumer characteristics allow a positive affect transfer from game to brand. The purpose of this paper was to examine the influence of placement conspicuousness, exposure duration, and player gender in an experiment with Spanish‐speaking adolescents under real‐world conditions.

Three versions of a casual advergame were created and posted on the popular web site www.jetix.es. Two of the versions embedded ads for M&M chocolate candy, each of which had a different degree of conspicuousness (less versus more conspicuous), and the third version showed no brand placement at all and was used as the control condition. The versions were randomly assigned to 405 participants, and changes in their attitudes to M&Ms were measured.

The positive affect induced by the casual advergame transferred to M&Ms when it was not inhibited by negative reactions to the brand placement. The transfer of affect occurred after both a brief exposure to the prominent placement and a long exposure to the subtle placement, but no transfer was observed under the opposite set of conditions. Significant transfer in female adolescents but the absence of transfer in their male counterparts suggests a strong gender bias.

There are two implications for marketers who want to persuade adolescents through casual advergames. First, these marketers should segment their casual advergames by designing subtle placements for games with lasting appeal and prominent placements for games with brief appeal. Second, to strengthen male adolescents' brand preferences, marketers should not focus on casual advergames but search for more appropriate entertainment vehicles.

The theoretical framework relies on an unprecedented combination of classical conditioning and psychological reactance theories. The results are of interest for marketers trying to persuade adolescents as well as for public policy advocates trying to protect this vulnerable target group.

In an industry where billions of dollars are spent to place branded products within entertainment media, it is critical to understand if this form of promotional communication actually results in the preference of the branded product. The purpose of the current research is to contribute to this understanding relative to pre‐teenaged consumers.

Three research questions related to brand preference and choice were investigated using a two‐group experimental design with a convenience sample. The impact of product placement on choice was assessed within minutes of the exposure. Preference and choice were also assessed two weeks later.

The findings suggest that branded product placement may not affect attitudes or behavior of pre‐teenaged consumers.

Although empirical findings suggest the practices may not lead to the intended attitudes and behaviors in adults, the theory of mere exposure and research related to social learning theory provide support for the effectiveness of the practice in reaching pre‐teens.

More and more artists mention brand names in their song lyrics; yet, their motivation to do so might differ. While some artists mention brand names out of brand love, other artists mention brand names against financial compensation. As media often discloses such brand name placements, the purpose of this paper is to explore consumer reactions to paid versus unpaid brand name placements in song lyrics.

A three-group between-subjects experiment (paid brand name placement, unpaid brand name placement, control group) tests the effects of brand name placement disclosures in song lyrics on brand attitudes and brand awareness. The song was developed specifically for the purpose of this study.

Consumer awareness about paid brand name placements in song lyrics has positive effects on brand awareness, while having no negative effects on brand attitudes. More specifically, consumer brand awareness is significantly higher in the paid brand name placement condition than in the unpaid brand name placement condition, or the control condition. Brand attitudes increased in both the paid and unpaid brand name placement conditions, compared to the control condition.

This paper contributes to a better understanding of brand name placement in song lyrics. Counterintuitively, consumer awareness about paid brand name placements in song lyrics actually has positive effects on consumers’ brand awareness and no negative effects on brand attitudes. Moreover, any disclosure – regardless of whether it concerns a paid or unpaid brand name placement – increases brand attitudes. This study thus shows that marketing managers should not fear media disclosing brand name placements in song lyrics.