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This paper aims to present a correlation study on general and accelerated corrosion of the welded structure of aluminum alloy 2219 in N₂O₄.

Corrosion experiments of the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG)-welded aluminum alloy structure were conducted under both mild and accelerated corrosion conditions by changing the water content in N₂O₄.

The experimental results indicated that both general and accelerated corrosion processes of the TIG-welded structure of aluminum alloy 2219 in N₂O₄ followed the linear equation ΔW = A + Bt, and the corrosion products were unchanged regardless of the water content in the N₂O₄ solution.

The weight loss comparison method is used to identify the structure of the conventional aluminum welding and aluminum welding structure corrosion dinitrogen tetroxide in nitric acid accelerated corrosion relationship.

This paper applies concepts from organizational theory as well as physics to elucidate the role of time in the US education system’s efforts to recuperate from the pandemic. This paper contributes to an important body of work focusing on implementation of reform efforts in education that use time in innovative ways.

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted time in educational organizations and, thus, for educators and students. Time has been a vital tool for educational reform, yet many applications of organizational theory and literature on educational change neglect to underscore its importance. The authors explore resources, guidelines and practices related to time employed to recuperate from pandemic-related disruptions to schooling.

The authors discuss three cases in which time has been utilized to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) accelerated learning; (2) extended time; and (3) redeveloped professional learning. For each case, the authors demonstrate how time has been conceptualized and how leaders are stretching the space-time of schooling to provide resources and learning opportunities to students and educators.

This article describes how district and school leaders can draw on their agency to reshape time-use in educational organizations.

This article advances an innovative framework demonstrating the importance of time in educational change. The authors also portray innovative models that provide time for students to receive an array of responsive, equity-centered, academic and SEL opportunities and for educators to collaborate, continuing their own development amid the ever-shifting Covid-context.

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the cost of the internal control audit for small firms and assess whether the costs are scalable or, alternatively, whether they are higher in relation to firm size for small firms than for larger firms.

The method estimates the Section 404 audit fee premium for companies that became accelerated filers for the first time in 2006 and 2007. The authors use the estimated audit fee premium as a proxy for the premium that non‐accelerated filers would have to pay if they were required to obtain an internal control audit.

The main finding shows that the Section 404(b) estimated cost of the internal control audit divided by assets are significantly higher for non‐accelerated filers and first‐time filers than for those of larger firms.

One limitation of the study is that, while it shows that the costs of the Section 404 audit are not scalable to firm size, it does not prove that the costs of the audit exceed the benefits for non‐accelerated filers.

The finding that the costs are proportionately higher for small firms provides some evidence supporting the decision to permanently exempt non‐accelerated filers from Section 404(b).

The results show that smaller firms pay proportionately more for the Section 404 internal control audit than larger firms. This suggests that the revised AS no. 5 did not succeed in making the internal control audit completely scalable to firm size.

The physical and mathematical definitions, as well as the practical significance, of quality and reliability are explained, with particular regard to surface mount electronic components and assemblies. The validity of accelerated assessments of long‐term service performance is also discussed.

A famous executive once said that “God is entitled to opinion, all others must bring facts and data”. To get agreement on the specific needs of a company, the best approach is to back up recommendations with facts. Are the new products which arrive in your manufacturing operation up to standard? Would a series of analytical tools and approaches which are being used in industry to improve and speed up new product development processes be useful? The “staffing ratios” tool is applied to make sure that the right amount of human resources and skills are in the right places at the right times. Does your company hit the planned market release dates for new products? Tools such as “time‐to‐market prediction” may be applied to assess past project performance and to predict the schedule outcome of current project‐in‐process. Does your company achieve early cross‐functional involvement on projects? The “concurrency matrix” tool may be used to define cross‐functional requirements and quantify the degree of parallelism. Most of these tools can be learned within a few minutes and brought back to your company for immediate application.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate proprietary data from customers of a Southern Louisiana credit union. It analyzes the factors that contribute to an accelerated failure time (AFT) using information from customers’ credit applications as well as information provided in their credit report.

This paper investigates the factors that affect credit risk using survival analysis by employing two primary models – the AFT model and the Cox proportional hazard (PH) model. While several studies employ the Cox PH model, few use the AFT model. However, this paper concludes that the AFT model has superior predictive qualities.

This paper finds that the factors specific to borrowers and local factors play an important role in the duration of a loan.

This paper offers an easily interpretable model for determining the duration of a potential borrower. The marketing department of credit unions can then use this information to predict when a customer will default, thus allowing the credit union to intervene in a timely manner to prevent defaults. Further, the credit union can use this information to seek out customers who are less likely to default.

This study is different from the previous research due to its focus on credit unions, which have distinct characteristics. Compared to similar lending institutions, the charter of the credit union does not allow management to sell off loans to other investors.

The purpose of this article and the subsequent research within the Russian State Library, was to determine whether the scanning process influences the state of library documents – a question asked by librarians and scanning personnel alike.

The biological stability, mechanical and thermal properties of three types of paper were investigated after digitizing by three scanners (Minolta PS 7000, Bookeye and Epson JT 9000) used in the Russian State Library.

It was discovered that there were differences in the scanned paper properties in the comparison with control samples just after the digitizing and during natural and artificial aging. The conclusion is made that this treatment influences paper surface and may accelerate its decomposition.

It is possible to draw conclusions that digitizing promotes the onset of paper destruction, and artificial ageing catalyzes this process, i.e. stability of scanned samples will decrease in time.

This paper contributes to the discussion of providing access to original documents through digitization preserving and the effects on paper of the scanning process. It should be welcomed by both librarians responsible for digitization and manufacturers of scanning equipment alike.

This paper aims to analyse how the temporal dimension is conceptualised in studies of the internationalisation process of firms and its implications. Theoretical models such as U-Model and INV explain the process of internationalisation as dynamic; nonetheless, time is approached as an underlying aspect of the process. In this essay, time is brought to the spotlight since, despite its strategic relevance, it has been treated implicitly in studies of the internationalisation processes, except in those that address the speed of internationalisation.

Based on a critical reassessment of the academic literature, the authors present theoretical arguments and highlight elements to be considered in the analysis of the temporal dimension throughout the internationalisation process of firms.

This essay focuses on expanding the comprehension of temporality in the internationalisation process, that underlies periods of changes, implied also in periods of stability. The paper discusses time dimension implications during the internationalisation process and reveals that there is an interaction between temporal verticality (context/events), subjective dimension of time (perception and interpretation of time) and objective dimension of time (stability and changes). Therefore, it sustains that these interactions compress past, present and future actions in the internationalisation process.

Because of the chosen research approach, this essay did not empirically apply the theoretical model and propositions. Therefore, future studies may empirically apply the propositions and use the temporal lens to look deeper at the temporality of internationalisation process and shed further light on the mechanisms that interlink the pre-and post-entry phases.

The argument helps entrepreneurs understand that actions throughout the internationalisation process are also influenced by the experience of time and not only governed by rational matters. Changes in the context can alter the perception of present time as being restricted, and in turn, may alter the flux of future internationalisation actions. However, if actions are conducted in a precipitated manner it can bring forth negative results for the firm. It is essential to recognise the importance of temporal verticality and subjective dimension of time as influencers of future actions of the objective dimension of time in the process of internationalisation.

While most research is restricted to understanding time as speed, this essay brings a theoretical model extending the knowledge of time in the literature of international business and international entrepreneurship, by including factors that imply temporality. By explaining the relationship between temporal aspects, it is argued that temporal verticality (events and context) influences temporal subjectivity (perception of the present and interpretation of the past) to direct future actions of the temporality of internationalisation (stability and changes).

The authors aimed to explore how involvement in a creative development accelerator impacted participants. In particular, the authors considered the role of suffering in the acceleration process.

The authors conducted an ethnography of a rapid prototyping program in video game development. Data collection included participant observation (162 h before, 186 during and 463 h after the main prototyping), interviews (23 formal and 35 informal) and artifact analysis (presentations, documents, games).

Acceleration led to individual suffering via burnout, lack of sleep, overwork and illness. In turn, participants required varying periods of recovery after participation and diverged in their longer-term reaction to the experience. The authors make two contributions. First, the authors deepen empirical understanding of the embodied impact of participation in an organizational accelerator. Second, the authors develop a theoretical process model of suffering in an accelerator program based on time and initiation.

This paper focused on a single iteration of a program based out of an incubator in the United Kingdom (UK) Suffering was discovered as part of a larger study of the program.

Business and technology accelerators are becoming a popular way to organize work. This research suggests that accelerator structures might lead to unintended and negative participant experiences.

This research challenges the assumption that accelerators always benefit, or at least not hurt, participants. The authors add to the limited attention paid to suffering in organizations. The authors conclude the impact of an accelerator is more complex than usually portrayed.

The purpose of this study is to discuss the concept of information in relation to temporality within the context of climate change communication. Furthermore, the paper aims to highlight the empirical richness of information as a concept by analysing its use in context.

The discussion is based on 14 semi-structured interviews with initiators and collaborators of 6 open letters on climate change published in 2018–2019. By taking three specific notions the interviewees introduced—fast food information, information quality and information gap–as the analytical point of departure, the study aims for a contextual understanding of information grounded in temporal sensitivity.

The paper finds that information in the context of open letters is informed by different, and at times contradicting, temporalities and timescapes which align with various material, institutional and discursive practices. Based on this finding, the paper argues that notions of information are intrinsically linked to the act of communicating, and they should be viewed as co-constituting each other.

The paper contributes with an empirically informed discussion regarding the concept of information as it is used in a specific context. It illustrates how “information” is far from being understood in a singular fashion, but is made up of multifaceted and at times contradictory understandings. Ultimately, they correspond to why and how one communicates climate change information.